Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbance causes habitat destruction and thereby presents a serious threat to many forest species. Seasonal variation in diversity and community composition of carabid beetles was investigated in the Uzungwa Scarp Nature Forest Reserve (USNFR). Carabid beetles were collected using three methods, namely pitfall traps, active day search and active night search. Sampling of ground beetles was carried out in three seasons: end of dry season, end of wet season and wet season. Results showed that the diversity of ground beetles was high during the wet season (Shannon-Wiener H' = 2.19) and low at the end of the dry season (H' = 1.83). The difference was statistically significant when comparing the end of dry season against the wet season, likewise wet against end of wet season (t = 5.85 and 4.88, respectively, p < 0.05). Species richness was high during the wet season and the difference was statistically significant among the three seasons (χ2 = 13.46, p < 0.05). Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that the difference in abundance among the three seasons was statistically significant (H = 128.3, p < 0.05). In all the seasons, Galeritiola procera was the most abundant species and it was overrepresented during the wet season. Bray-Curtis similarity index showed low similarity in community composition among all three seasons. We conclude that communities of carabid beetles in disturbed areas vary with season, and therefore, to have a comprehensive sampling of carabid beetles, sampling should cover at least one-year involving different months in all seasons of the year.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ariza GM, Jácome J, Kotze DJ (2021) Carabid beetles of tropical dry forests display traits that cope with a harsh environment. International J Tropical Insect Science 41(4):3011–3021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00493-9
Basilewsky P (1953) Carabidae (Coleoptera, Adephaga): Exploration du Parc National de. Mission GF Witte 10:1–152
Basilewsky P (1976) Mission entomologique du Musee royal de I’Afrique Centrale auxm Monts Uluguru, Tanzanie. 19. Coleoptera Carabidae. Revue Zoologique Africaine 90:671–722
Belousov IA and Nyundo BA (2013) A new species of Pachytrechodes Jeannel, 1960 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae) from Tanzania, with a key to species. Zootaxa 3637(1): 065-073. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3637.1.7
Burgess ND, Butynski TM, Cordeiro NJ, Doggart NH, Fjeldså J, Howell KM, Kilahama FB, Loader SP, Lovett JC, Mbilinyi B, Menegon M, Moyer DC, Nashanda E, Perkin A, Rovero F, Stanley WT, Stuart SN (2007) The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Biol Conserv 134(2):209–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.015
Cobb TP, Langor DW, Spence JR (2007) Biodiversity and multiple disturbances: boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(8):1310–1323. https://doi.org/10.1139/X06-310
Colwell RK (2000) EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 6.0b1. User's guide and application. Unpublished. http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates
Cook WM, Holt RD (2006) Fire frequency and mosaic burning effects on a tallgrass prairie ground beetle assemblage. Biodiversity and Conservation 15:2301–2323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-8227-3
DeVries PJ, Walla TR (2001) Species diversity and community structure in Neotropical fruit-feeding butterflies. Biol J Linn Soc 74:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01372.x
Digweed SC, Currie CR, Carcamo H, Spence JR (1995) Digging out the “digging-in effect” of pitfall traps: Influences of depletion and disturbance on catches of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Pedobiologia 39:561–576
Eyre MD, Luff ML, Leifert C (2013) Crop, field boundary, productivity and disturbance influences on ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the agroecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 165:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.12.009
Fidan ÊC, Sirin U (2016) The changes related with altitudinal gradient and seasonal variation in the species composition of Carabidae (Coleoptera) in Türkmen Mountain (Eskisehir, Turkey). Ekoloji Dergisi1 25(98)
Forsythe TG (1991) Feeding and locomotory functions in relation to body form in five species of ground beetle ( Coleoptera : Carabidae ). The Zoology society of London 223:233–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04763.x
García-Suabita W, Pinzón J, Spence JR, Florián OP (2019) Epiedaphic ground beetle (Carabidae) diversity in ecosystems transformed by plantations of Eucalyptus pellita in the Orinoco Region of Colombia. Neotropical Entomology 48:1014–1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-019-00700-w
Geeraert L (2014) Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities in Afromontane forests: A comparison between habitats with different levels of disturbance in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania. MSc Thesis, Norwegian University of life sciences
Greenslade PJM (1968) Habitat and altitude distribution of Carabidae (Coleoptera) in Argyll, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal entomological Society, London 120:39–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1968.tb00346.x
Government of Tanzania (GoT) (2006) A study to establishing mechanism for payments for water environmental services for the Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania. Revised Report. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forest and Beekeeping Division. Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam
Hamer KC, Hill JK, Mustaffa N, Benedick S, Sherratt TN, Chey VK, Maryati M (2005) Temporal variation in abundance and diversity of butterflies in Bornean rain forests: opposite impacts of logging recorded in different seasons. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21:417–425
Hammer Ø (2018) PAleontological STatistics (PAST Version 3.20), Reference manual, Natural History Museum University of Oslo. pp. 264
Hegerl C, Burgess ND, Nielsen M, Martin E, Ciolli M, Rovero F (2017) Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bushmeat hunting on forest mammals in Tanzania. Oryx 51(1):87–97
Hill CJ (1993) The species composition and seasonally of an assemblage of tropical Australian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Aust Entomol 20:121–126
Hill JK, Hamer KC, Dagwood MM, Tangah J, Chey VK (2003) Rainfall but not selective logging affect changes in abundance of a tropical forest butterfly in Sabah, Borneo. J Trop Ecol 19:35–42
Honek A, Martinkova Z, Saska P, Pekar S (2007) Size and taxonomic constraints determine the seed preferences of Carabidae (Coleoptera). Basic Appl Ecol 8:343–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2006.07.002
Kadar F, Szentkiralyi F (1997) Effects of climatic variations on long-term fluctuation patterns of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) collected by light trapping in Hungary. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung 32:185–203
Kishimoto-Yamada KEIKO, Itioka T (2013) Seasonality in phytophagous scarabaeid (Melolonthinae and Rutelinae) abundances in an ‘aseasonal’Bornean rainforest. Insect Conservation and Diversity 6(2):179–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00201.x
Kishimoto-Yamada K, Itioka T (2015) How much have we learned about seasonality in tropical insect abundance since Wolda (1988)? Entomological Science 18(4):407–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12134
Knapp M, Seidl M, Knappová J, Macek M, Saska P (2019) Temporal changes in the spatial distribution of carabid beetles around arable field-woodlot boundaries. Scientific reports. 20:9(1):1-1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45378-7
Kotze DJ, Brandmayr P, Casale A, Dauffy-Richard E, Dekoninck W, Koivula MJ, Zetto T (2011) Forty years of carabid beetle research in Europe–from taxonomy, biology, ecology and population studies to bioindication, habitat assessment and conservation. ZooKeys 100:55. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1523
Kotze DJ, Lehvavirta S, Koivula M, O’Hara RB, Spence JR (2012) Effects of habitat edges and trampling on the distribution of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in urban forests. Journal of Insect Conservation 16:883–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9475-2
Kromp B (1999) Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 74:187–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00037-7
Lara-Pérez LA, Villanueva-López G, Oros-Ortega I, Aryal DR, Casanova-Lugo F, Ghimire R (2023) Seasonal variation of arthropod diversity in agroforestry systems in the humid tropics of Mexico. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 2023:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-023-10001-0
Latty EF, Werner SM, Mladenoff DJ, Raffa KF, Sickley TA (2006) Response of ground beetle (Carabidae) assemblages to logging history in northern hardwood–hemlock forests. Forest Ecology and Management 222(1–3):335–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.028
Leite GLD, Picanço M, Zanuncio JC, Ecole CC (2006) Factors affecting herbivory of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the eggplant (Solanum melongena). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49:361–369. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132006000400002
Leite GLD, Veloso RVDS, Zanuncio JC, Fernandes GW, Almeida CIM, Ferreira PSF, Serrão JE (2012) Seasonal abundance of hemipterans on Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees in the Cerrado. Florida Entomologist 95(4):862–872. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.095.0407
Lewis OT (2009) Biodiversity change and ecosystem function in tropical forests. Basic and Applied Ecology 10:97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2008.08.010
Liu JL, Li FR, Sun TS, Ma LF, Liu LL, Yang K (2016) Interactive effects of vegetation and soil determine the composition and diversity of carabid and tenebrionid functional groups in an arid ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments 128:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.009
Liu S, Dong S, Liu R, Meng Q, Li Y, Zhao H, Jin Y (2022) The distribution patterns and temporal dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the forests of Jiaohe, Jilin Province. China. Journal of Forestry Research 33(1):333–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01367-z
Lopatina EB, Kipyatkov VE, Balashov SV, Kutcherov DA (2011) Photoperiod-temperature interaction-a new form of seasonal control of growth and development in insects and in particular a Carabid Beetle, Amara communis (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 47:578–592. https://doi.org/10.1134/S002209301106010X
Lövei G (2008) Ecology and conservation biology of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in an age of increasing human dominance: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology. 145 pp
Lovett JC, Marshall AR, Carr J (2006) Changes in tropical forest vegetation along an altitudinal gradient in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 44(4):478–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00660.x
Lucky A, Erwin TL, Witman JD (2002) Temporal and spatial diversity and distribution of arboreal Carabidae (Coleoptera) in a Western Amazonian rain forest. Biotropica. 34(3):376–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00551.x
Lyakurwa JV, Howell KM, Munishi LK, Treydte AC (2019) Uzungwa Scarp Nature Forest Reserve: a unique hotspot for reptiles in Tanzania. Acta Herpetologica 14(1):3–14
Maganira JD, Nyundo BA (2015) Diversity of Riparian Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) At Three Altitudes in Uluguru Mountains. Tanzania. Agricultural and enviromental science 2(5):6–14
Magura T, Elek Z, Tothmeresz B (2002) Impacts of non-native spruce reforestation on ground beetles. Eur J Soil Biol 38:291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1164-5563(02)01162-7
Magura T, Tóthmérész B, Elek Z (2003) Diversity and composition of carabids during a forestry cycle. Biodiversity and Conservation 12:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021289509500
Maveety SA, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2014) Carabid beetles diversity and community composion as related to altitude and seasonality in Andean forest. Studies on Neotropical fauna and environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2013.873266
Matalin AV (2008) Evolution of biennial life cycles in ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Western Palaearctic. In Back to the roots and back to the future. Proceedings of XIII European Carabidologist Meeting, Blagoevgrad (pp. 259-284)
Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism (MNRT) (2010) Eastern Arc Mountain Forest of Tanzania. Nomination of properties for inclusion on the world heritage list serial nomination. United Repulic of Tanzania
Mwambala AN, Nyundo BA, Kalumanga E (2019) Interface of biodiversity and ecosystem services: Does soil organic carbon correlate with the diversity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Uzungwa Scarp Nature Reserve, Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 11(4):114–124. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2019.1265
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GA, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Ndangalasi HJ, Bitariho R, Dovie DBK (2007) Harvesting of non-timber forest products and implications for conservation in two montane forests of East Africa. Biological Conservation 134(2):242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.020
Nelson RE (2001) Bioclimatic implications and distribution patterns of the modern ground beetle fauna (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae) of the Arctic slope of Alaska, USA. Arctic 54:425–430. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40512398
Niemelä J, Kotze DJ (2009) Carabid beetle assemblages along urban to rural gradients: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning 92(2):65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.05.016
Niemelä J, Kotze DJ, Venn S, Penev L, Stoyanov I, Spence J, Hartley D, De Oca EM (2002) Carabid beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) across urban-rural gradients: An international comparison. Landscape Ecology 17(5):387–401. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021270121630
Niwa CG, Peck RW (2002) Influence of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae) assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon. Environmental Entomology 31(5):785–796. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.5.785
Novotny V, Basset Y (1998) Seasonality of sap-sucking insects (Auchenorrhyncha, Hemiptera) feeding on Ficus (Moraceae) in a lowland rain forest in New Guinea. Oecologia 115:514–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050549
Nummelin M (1989) Seasonality and effects of forestry practices on forest floor arthropods in the Kibale Forest, Western Uganda. Fauna Norvegica (Ser. B) 36:17-25
Nummelin M, Nshubemuki L (1998) Seasonality and structure of the arthropod community in forested valley in the Uluguru Mountains, Eastern Tanzania. J East Afr Nat Hist 87:205–212. https://doi.org/10.2982/0012-8317(1998)87[205:SASOTA]2.0.CO;2
Nunes L, Silva I, Pité M, Rego F, Leather S, Serrano A (2006) Carabid (Coleoptera) community changes following prescribed burning and the potential use of carabids as indicators species to evaluate the effect of fire management in Mediterranean regions. Separata da Revista Silva Lusitana. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.11/309
Nyundo BA (2002) The Diversity of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11810/4185
Nyundo BA, Yarro JG (2007a) Designing a biodiversity inventory for ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park. Discov Innov 19(1):61–68
Nyundo B, Yarro J (2007b) An assessment of methods for sampling carabid beetles (Coleptera: Carabidae) in a montane rain forest. Tanz J Sci 33(1):41–49. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v33i1.44274
Pearson DL, Derr JA (1986) Seasonal patterns of lowland forest floor Arthropod abundance in Southeastern Peru. Biotropica 18:244–256. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388493
Pech LL, Graham B (2013) First State Record for Galerita lecontei lecontei Dejean ( Coleoptera : Carabidae ) from Utah, USA. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67(1):56–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388493
Pinheiro F, Diniz IR, Coelho D, Bandeira MPS (2002) Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado. Austral Ecology 27(2):132–136. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01165.x
Pozsgai G, Littlewood NA (2014) Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) population declines and phenological changes: Is there a connection? Ecological Indicators 41:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.029
Rainio J (2013) Seasonal variation of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) abundance and diversity in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1(5):92–98
Riley KN, Browne RA (2011) Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 147:601. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2102
Richards LA, Windsor DM (2006) Seasonal variation of arthropod abundance in gaps and the understorey of a lowland moist forest in Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23(2):169–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467406003907
Rodgers WA, Homewood KM (1982) Species richness and endemism in the Usambara mountain forests, Tanzania. Biol J Linn Soc 18(3):197–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02037.x
Roubik DW (2001) Ups and downs in pollinator populations: when is there a decline? Conservation ecology. 1:5(1). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26271795
Rovero F, Menegon M (2005) Uzungwa Scarp, an outstanding Eastern Arc forest: biological value and urgent need for protection. Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute. Proceedings of the 5th Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Annual Scientific Conference, in press
Rovero F, Mtui AS, Kitegile AS, Nielsen MR (2012) Hunting or habitat degradation? Decline of primate populations in Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania: An analysis of threats. Biol Conserv 146(1):89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.017
Russell MC, Lambrinos J, Records E, Ellen G (2017) Seasonal shifts in ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) species and functional composition maintain prey consumption in Western Oregon agricultural landscapes. Biological Control 106:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.12.008
Saint-Germain M, Larrivée M, Drapeau P, Fahrig L, Buddle CM (2005) Short-term response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to fire and logging in a spruce-dominated boreal landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 212(1–3):118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.001
Seymour JE, Jones RE (2000) Humidity-terminated diapause in the tropical braconid parasitoid Microplitis demolitor. Ecol Entomol 25:481–485. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00272.x
Silva FWS, Leite GLD, Guañabens REM, Sampaio RA, Gusmão CAG, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC (2015) Seasonal abundance and diversity of arthropods on Acacia mangium (Fabales: Fabaceae) trees as windbreaks in the Cerrado. Florida Entomologist 98(1):170–174. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0129
Symondson WOC, Glen DM, Ives AR, Langdon CJ, Wiltshire CW (2002) Dynamics of the relationship between a generalist predator and slugs over five years. Ecology 83:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0137:DOTRBA]2.0.CO;2
Summerville KS, Crist TO (2005) Temporal patterns of species accumulation in a survey of Lepidoptera in a beech-maple forest. Biodiversity and Conservation. 14(14):3393–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0546-x
Tanaka LK, Tanaka SK (1982) Rainfall and seasonal changes in arthropod abundance on tropical oceanic Island. Biotropica. 14:114–123. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387740
Thiele HU (1977) Man and the ground beetles. In: Carabid beetles in their environments. Zoophysiology and ecology, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81154-8_5
Thiele HU (2012) Carabid beetles in their environments: a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour, vol 10. Springer Science & Business Media
Tuf IH, Dedek P, Veselý M (2012) Does the diurnal activity pattern of carabid beetles depend on season, ground temperature and habitat? Archives of Biological Sciences 64(2):721–732. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1202721T
Topp-Jørgensen JE, Marshal AR, Brink H, Pedersen UB (2008) Quantifying the response of tree hyraxes (Dendrohyrax validus) to human disturbance in the Udzungwa Mountains. Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 1(1):63–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/194008290800100106
Vennila S, Rajagopal D (2003) Phenology of tropical carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae). J Entomol Res 27:1–7
Walther BA, Morand S (1998) Comparative performance of species richness estimation methods. Parasitology 116:395–405. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182097002230
White F (1983) Natural resources research, vol 20. UNESCO, pp 50–356
Williams RS, Marbert BS, Fisk MC, Hanson PJ (2014) Ground-dwelling beetle responses to long-term precipitation alterations in a hardwood forest. Southeastern Naturalist 13(1):138–155
Yu XD, Luo TH, Zhou HZ (2006) Habitat associations and seasonal activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Dongling Mountain, North China. Entomologica Fennica 17(2):174–183. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.84326
Zilihona JEI, Nummelin M (2000) Coleopteran diversity and abundance in different habitats near Kihansi waterfall, in Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:769–777. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016623119865
Zilihona IJ, Niemela J, Nummelin M (2004) Effects of a hydropower plant on Coleopteran diversity and abundance in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biodivers Conserv 13(8):1453–1464. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000021325.90554.0b
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declares that there is no conflict of interest in any aspect.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix 1: Percentage contribution of each carabid beetles species by season
Appendix 1: Percentage contribution of each carabid beetles species by season
species | End wet 2018 | End dry 2016 | Wet 2019 | Total | %Contribution end wet | %contribution end dry | %contribution wet | Total % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galeritiola procera | 200 | 246 | 420 | 866 | 9.88 | 12.15 | 20.75 | 42.79 |
Sphaeroides sp.18 | 2 | 0 | 288 | 290 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 14.23 | 14.33 |
SPP.55 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
Morion sp 1 | 9 | 14 | 6 | 29 | 0.44 | 0.69 | 0.30 | 1.43 |
Cymindoidea virgulifera | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
Abacetus sp 2 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.74 |
Craspedophorus sp | 6 | 5 | 29 | 40 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 1.43 | 1.98 |
Morion sp 2 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 23 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 1.14 |
Morion sp 66 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.13 |
Thyropterinus sp 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.35 |
Tefflus sp | 2 | 12 | 69 | 83 | 0.10 | 0.59 | 3.41 | 4.10 |
Mamboicus sp | 19 | 19 | 55 | 93 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 2.72 | 4.59 |
Anchomeninae sp 1 | 17 | 0 | 12 | 29 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 1.43 |
Anchomeninae sp 2 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 18 | 0.54 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.89 |
Platyninaae sp1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.20 |
Metagonum mboko | 35 | 10 | 31 | 76 | 1.73 | 0.49 | 1.53 | 3.75 |
Diatypus spp (Herp) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
Megalonynchus sp | 5 | 7 | 16 | 28 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.79 | 1.38 |
Anchomeninae | 4 | 0 | 25 | 29 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 1.43 |
Egadroma sp 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 |
Crepidogastrin | 5 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.30 |
Abacetus sp 39 | 151 | 0 | 1 | 152 | 7.46 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 7.51 |
Sphaeroides sp | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.30 |
Egadroma sp 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 |
Abacetus sp | 0 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.54 | 0.64 |
Typhloscaris | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.15 |
Metagonum sp 1 | 0 | 12 | 9 | 21 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 1.04 |
Metagonum sp 2 | 0 | 14 | 2 | 16 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 0.10 | 0.79 |
Thyreopterinus limbatus | 0 | 12 | 4 | 16 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.20 | 0.79 |
Metagonum sp 3 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.44 |
Abacetus sp 4 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.38 | 1.38 |
Orthogonius sp | 0 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.59 |
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mwambala, A.N., Nyundo, B.A. Seasonal dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in areas with anthropogenic disturbances: The case of Uzungwa scarp nature forest reserve, Tanzania. Int J Trop Insect Sci 44, 689–699 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-024-01164-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-024-01164-1