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Insect growth regulators and chinaberry (Melia azedarach) fruit acetone extract disrupt intermediary metabolism and alter immunocyte profile in Agrotis ipsilon larvae

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Abstract

The black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pervasive agricultural pest especially damaging to seedlings. To develop more environmentally responsible and specific control measures, we examined the effects of Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae) fruit acetone extract and insect growth regulators flufenoxuron and pyriproxyfen on survival, parameters of intermediary metabolism, and hemocyte profile in late sixth-instar larvae. At the LC50, all three tested compounds reduced hemolymph total protein content, while pyriproxyfen and M. azedarach fruit acetone extract also reduced total lipid and carbohydrate. Flufenoxuron and pyriproxyfen increased hemolymph acid phosphatase activity and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. All tested compounds reduced transaminase activity, while the fruit extract also decreased trehalase and invertase activities, and pyriproxyfen decreased trehalase activity and increased amylase activity. Flufenoxuron and the fruit extract increased whereas pyriproxyfen decreased total hemocyte count. Phase-contrast light microscopy revealed the presence of five hemocyte types, prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and oenocytoids. Effects on hemocyte profile varied among the tested compounds, with flufenoxuron and pyriproxyfen both reducing phagocytic plasmatocyte numbers. Flufenoxuron, pyriproxyfen, and M. azedarach fruit acetone extract can disrupt the development of A. ipsilon larvae by targeting multiple metabolic pathways as well as the cellular immune system. These findings may aid in the development of A. ipsilon control measures based on natural compounds less damaging to the local ecosystem.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Asmaa Metwaly, Lecturer in the Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt, for preparing the figures.

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  1. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12613, Orman, Giza, Egypt

    El-Sayed H. Shaurub

  2. Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt

    Tarek A. El-Sheikh

  3. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Asmarya Islamic University, Zliten, Libya

    Alkasim H. Shukshuk

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  1. El-Sayed H. Shaurub
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EHS conceived and designed the research and wrote the manuscript. TAE conducted the experiments and statistics. AHS participated in data analysis. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Shaurub, ES.H., El-Sheikh, T.A. & Shukshuk, A.H. Insect growth regulators and chinaberry (Melia azedarach) fruit acetone extract disrupt intermediary metabolism and alter immunocyte profile in Agrotis ipsilon larvae. Int J Trop Insect Sci 42, 2203–2213 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00741-6

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