Abstract
Different insect species attack cashew flowers during different phenological stages of the inflorescences from 511 to 619 of Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale of cashew phenology. A total of 67 species were documented during the investigation between 2016 and 2020. Among all pest groups, Lepidopterans were dominant comprising 32 species followed by Hemipterans with 22 species. The pests newly reported on cashew flowers include Perixera sp., Bombotelia jocosatrix, Gyrtona sp., Gatesclarkeana sp., Ascotis selenaria, Tinolius sp. besides two Cicadellids and two Lygaeid bugs. Damage symptoms, seasonal incidence and natural enemies were also documented for different pests. None of the weather factors had significant relationship with tea mosquito bug (TMB), B. jocosatrix and Lamida moncusalis. Though rainfall had no significant relationship with any of the pest population, number of rainy days had significant negative relationship with apple and nut borer (ANB) (-0.35), beetles (-0.35), thrips (-0.39) and mirids (-0.34). Parasitism by Trathala flavorbitalis on ANB was 15–30%, and by Apanteles sp. on Archips sp. was 20–25%. Reduction in nut set up to 47.06% has been recorded due to inflorescence pests in unsprayed trees compared to sprayed ones under mild infestation of TMB.
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Acknowledgement
Authors express their gratitude to Dr. H.M. Yeshwanth, Asst. Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, India and Dr. P.K. Shashank, Scientist, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India for identifying the insect specimens and Dr. Ankita Gupta, Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India for identifying the natural enemies. Authors also thank the Director, ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Karnataka, India for the support and facilities provided during the study.
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First author conceived the idea of the work, planned the work, recorded data and analyzed the data. Second author recorded part of the pest data.
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Vanitha, K., Raviprasad, T.N. Flower pests of cashew, their seasonal incidence, damage and natural enemies. Int J Trop Insect Sci 42, 163–171 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00527-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00527-2