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The SSRC and the founding movement of area studies in America, 1943–1953

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Abstract

Area studies, as characterized by “complete world coverage” and “interdisciplinary integration”, constitutes a major branch of academic research. As an institutional framework embedded in the American social sciences, higher education, and intellectual life, area studies developed during the decade from 1943 to 1953. These founding years, during which the basic intellectual components and institutional patterns of postwar area studies were laid down, saw a transformative process involving not only knowledge-building, but also institutional reformation and intellectual/cultural reorientation. The Social Science Research Council (SSRC), with its strategically pivotal position in the American social science community, played the role of leading and bolstering the area studies movement, functioning as a central body for area studies planning. The committees the SSRC organized solely or jointly with other learned councils, the meetings and conferences it held and convened, and the reports it released, reveal the reflections and expectations of the founders of area studies related to social scientific epistemology, the composition of American social knowledge, general education and American culture, the public relevance of professionalized scholarship, and the relationship between the U.S. and the world. The story may be reasonably considered an integral phase of evolution in American cosmopolitanism/internationalism and cultural relativism/multiculturalism. This historical episode, therefore, has rich, significant intellectual and cultural implications that we cannot afford to overlook or distort with “Cold War Knowledge” or “Cold War Social Sciences” explanations.

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Notes

  1. For a brief sketch of the Ethnogeographic Board: http://www.siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_216694.

  2. In 1946, when the SSRC was investigating the war government documents and probing the possibility of utilizing them for the area studies, it referred to the following government branches: OSS, Foreign Economic Administration, Office of War Information, The Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies, and Department of War. Appendix 6, Classification Status of some War Documents, from Bart Greenwood, November 8, 1946, SSRC Collection, Record Group. 1, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, p. 160. Note that all references to primary documents from this collection refer to the 1941–1947 microfilm series (see SSRC 1941–1947).

  3. See also in: http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3q2nd7nr/entire_text/.

  4. SSRC Committee on World Regions, World Regions in the Social Science: Report of a Committee of the Social Science Research Council, Mimeograph, June 1943, New York, Social Science Research Council; Minutes, Meeting of the Board of Directors, New York, September 11–12, 1945, Council Minutes, 15–16 September, 1942, 1–2 April, 1944, SSRC Microfilm Files, Series 9, Reel 24, RAC, p. 200.

  5. Minutes, Meeting of the Board of Directors, New York, September 11–12, 1943, Council Minutes, 15–16 September, 1942, 1–2 April, 1944, SSRC Microfilm Files, Series 9, Reel 24, RAC, pp. 153–156.

  6. Social Science Considerations in the Planning of Regional Specialization in Higher Education and Research, March 1944, Social Science Research Council Memorandum, from Paul Webbink to Roger Evans, March 10, 1944, The Rockefeller Foundation Collection, Record Group 3.2, Series 900, Box 31, Folder 145, RAC.

  7. Agenda, Meeting of the Board of Directors, Carmel, N.Y., September 10–13, 1944, Council Minutes, 12–14 September, 1944, 10–13 September, 1945, SSRC Microfilm Files, Series 9, Reel 24, RAC, p. 59.

  8. Memorandum from the Chairman of the Committee on Problems and Policy and the Executive Director to Directors of the Social Science Research Council, March 21,1946, Series 9, Council Minutes, April 6–7, 1946, September 8–11, 1947, SSRC Microfilm Minutes, p. 31.

  9. Minutes, SSRC Meeting of the Board of Directors, New York, September 9–12, 1946, Council Minutes, April 6–7, 1946 September 8–11, 1947, SSRC Microfilm Minutes, Series 9, Reel 24, RAC, pp. 53–54.

  10. Since the higher education rebuilding and professionalization from the late 19th Century, the word “research” had been inextricably connected with the idea of “pure science”, implying the professionalization, specialization and institutionalization, as well as the “scientific” objectivity and preciseness. Therefore the word was usually used to mark academic or scientific “ethos” and legitimacy (see Veysey 1965). As the SSRC president stated in 1952, “within the Council our common purpose is the advancement of research in the social sciences” (SSRC 1953).

  11. Minutes and Appendices, Committee on World Area Research, Social Science Research Council, First Meeting, November 9, 1946, Office of the Social Science Research Council, New York, N.Y., SSRC Collection, Record Group. 1, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, pp. 154–160.

  12. Committee on World Area Research, SSRC, Fourth Meeting, May 11, 1947, Institute of Human Relations, New Haven, Connecticut; Pacific Coast Subcommittee on World Area Research, Summary of a meeting held at the Hoover Institute, Stanford University, October 18, 1947, SSRC Collection, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, p. 173; pp. 184–186.

  13. Minutes, Committee on World Area Research, SSRC, Second Meeting, January 11, 1947, New York, Recorded by W. C. Bennett; Appendix A, Memorandum, SSRC Collection, Record Group. 1, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, pp. 161–165.

  14. Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, September 12, 1947; Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, November 2, 1947, SSRC Collection, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, pp. 176–178; pp. 189–194.

  15. Committee on World Area Research, Social Science Research Council, Meeting, March 2, 1947; pp. 166–167; Appendix A, Correspondence from John W. Gardner to Donald Young February 19, 1947, pp. 168–171; Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, November 2, 1947, pp. 191–193; Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research of the Social Science Research Council, January 11, 1948, pp. 196–197, SSRC Collection, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC.

  16. Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, November 13, 1948, SSRC Collection, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, pp. 221–222.

  17. The SSRC, the NRC, and the ACLS had established a Joint Committee on Latin American Studies. See SSRC (1943, 1945, 1946).

  18. Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, September 12, 1947, p. 179; Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, November 2, 1947, p. 193; Minutes of the Committee on World Area Research, January 11, 1948, pp. 195–196, RAC, SSRC Collection, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386. For the statement by Stewart for his considerations about the methodological issues and the relevance of his project to the area studies, see Agenda 2, May 15, 1948, Area Program Planning, RAC, SSRC Collection, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, pp. 207.

  19. See also, Minutes, Committee on Problem and Policy, February 18, 1950, p. 257; Appendix 19, Committee on World Area Research Annual Report, 1949–1950, Committee on Problems and Policy, p. 356, Committee on Problems and Policy Minutes, 18 February, 1950, 29–30 July 1950, SSRC Microfilm Files, Reel 7, Series 2.1.

  20. Appendix 23, Committee on World Area Research Annual Report, 1951–1952, by the Staff of the Committee, Council Minutes, September 8–11, 1952, September 15–18, 1953, Reel 25, Series 9, SSRC Microfilm Files, RAC, pp. 165–166.

  21. After 1959, the SSRC built and rebuilt committees on Latin America, Africa, East Europe, China, Japan, and South Korea, etc. (Worcester and Sibley 2001, 115–127).

  22. The original draft of the Hamilton Report discussed at length foreign studies in selected European countries, but it did not express many opinions about those models. In the meeting subsequently held by the Committees on World Regions, not only did Hamilton himself deny his intention to follow the model of European countries, but also other participants argued for the dangers of taking on a European model. See: Committee on World Regions, Meeting, February 25, 1943; Committee on World Regions, SSRC, Dinner Meeting, April 14, 1943, SSRC Collection, Accession 1, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, p. 49, pp. 50–52.

  23. Committee on World Regions, Meeting, February 25, 1943, Washington, D.C., SSRC Collection, Accession 1, Series 1.19, Box 229, Folder 1386, RAC, pp. 46–52; Minutes, Meeting of the Board of Directors, New York, September 11–12, 1943, Council Minutes, 15–16 September, 1942, 1–2 April, 1944, SSRC Microfilm Files, Series 9, Reel 24, RAC, pp. 156–155, pp. 165–168.

  24. Social Science Considerations in the Planning of Regional Specialization in Higher Education and Research, March 1944, Social Science Research Council Memorandum, from Paul Webbink to Roger Evans, March 10, 1944, The Rockefeller Foundation Collection, Record Group 3.2, Series 900, Box 31, Folder 145, pp. 7–8.

  25. Area Studies, Memorandum From Joseph H. Willits, to David N. Stevens, June 7, 1944, The Rockefeller Foundation Collection, Record Group 3.2, Series 900, Box 31, Folder 165, RAC.

  26. From the report given by its executive director Robert T. Crane. Minutes, Meeting of the Board of Directors, New York, March 27–28, 1943, Council Minutes, 15–16 September, 1942, 1–2 April, 1944, SSRC Microfilm Files, Series 9, Reel 24, pp. 111–141, esp. p. 121, RAC.

  27. Minutes, Committee on Problems and Policy, SSRC, New York, December 8, 1945, Committee on Problems and Policy Minutes, September 9, 1945, February 16, 1946, SSRC Microfilm Files, Series 2.1, Reel 6, pp. 87–88.

  28. Minutes, Committee on Problems and Policy, SSRC, New York, October 27, 1946, Series 2.1, Committee on Problems and Policy Minutes, April 5, 1946 October 27, 1946, SSRC Microfilm Minutes, Series 2.1, Reel 6, pp. 235–236.

  29. See also: Pletsch (1981); Gendzier (1985); Diamond (1992); Gilman (2003); Engerman et al. (2003); Robin (2001); Novick (1988). For a study by a Chinese scholar following the “Cold War Knowledge” model, see Liang (2010, 28–39). This author’s views of postwar American intellectual life was greatly influenced by this model, see Niu (2003, 28–41).

  30. For example, the builders of area studies originally planned to include American studies and Western European studies in the general framework of area studies, but these two branches ultimately kept their identities outside area studies.

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    Ke Niu

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Niu, K. The SSRC and the founding movement of area studies in America, 1943–1953. China Int Strategy Rev. 1, 283–309 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42533-019-00023-w

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