Abstract
In Tigray, northern Ethiopia, land degradation has generally undermined the environmental goods and services (EGS) those local communities depend on for their livelihoods. Massive sustainable land management programs (SLMP) to restore degraded land have temporarily ceased to be accessible free of charge to communities because human and animal interference were seen as the main drivers of the problem. The SLMP deals with agricultural productivity and land degradation through integrated watershed and landscape management where exclosures are key components. As a result, the expected translation of restoration outcomes into meaningful economic benefits for local communities is critical to the sustainability of the program. The current research deviated from previous studies by focusing on tangible benefits extracted by local communities from exclosures. A survey to understand the actual economic impacts of exclosures on the local communities was conducted in five villages of Tanqua-Abergele district of Tigray. We interviewed 331 households, 43 key informants and five focus groups each composed of 12–16 participants. Regression analysis revealed that the role of household heads in the village, governance and distance to the nearest exclosure were significantly associated with higher contribution of exclosure to household (CEHH) income. While gender showed positive but no significant effect on CEHH income, level of education was significantly against. A binary logistic regression showed that role of household heads in the village, governance system and gender had statistically significant association with higher benefit–cost ratio (BCR). While exposure to several sustainable land management training has positive but no significant effect, education levels were significantly against BCR. Discussions revealed that exclosures brought benefits to the local communities with increased water, enhancement of plant biodiversity and recovery of degraded lands. However, local communities are not making maximum tangible benefits and the contribution to household income is minimal which could counter exclosure expansion and sustainability. Maximizing benefits through designing of new irrigation sites to utilize the increment of water, planned harvest of grass for construction and animal feed, deployment of modern bee hives inside and near exclosures and creation of opportunities to collect wild fruits remain to be crucial.
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Acknowledgements
We express our special thanks to DANIDA for funding this project. Our sincere gratitude extends to those who participated in data collection and laboratory analysis. We express our gratitude to IGAD Sheikh University of Sciences, University of Nairobi, International Livestock Research Institute and Mekelle University for granting us time during the research work.
Funding
This research was funded by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA).
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The conceptualization and design of the study were aided by all authors. HGA collected the data and conducted the analysis. HGA and OVW drafted the manuscript’s initial version. Each author reviewed and revised prior versions of the text.
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Oliver Vivian Wasonga is an editorial board member of Socio-Ecological Practice Research. He was not involved in the peer-review or handling of the manuscript, and has no other competing interests to disclose. All coauthors have no conflict of interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
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Araya, H.G., Wasonga, O.V., Mureithi, S. et al. An assessment of tangible community benefits from exclosures in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Socio Ecol Pract Res 5, 371–389 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-023-00160-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-023-00160-y