Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mast Cell Biology and Linkages for Non-clonal Mast Cell Activation and Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants

  • Medicine
  • Published:
SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Non-clonal mast cell activation disorder (syndrome) (NC-MCAD) and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) are complex syndromic and spectral clinical entities which have contemporaneously garnered considerable attention and rightfully so. NC-MCAD presents with a predominantly allergic profile, and causative clinical variables may or may not be identified. Manifest NC-MCAD illnesses can be complex and involve several organ systems. Such diversity may be in part explained by the ubiquity and plasticity of the mast cell. ASIA, due to its broad definition, continues to expand as a clinical entity, especially with the greater recognition of what might constitute adjuvancy. Such diversity has the potential to overly stretch the boundaries for scientific investigation. For both NC-MCAD and ASIA, the inciting molecular mechanisms require elucidation. Future research would benefit from greater precision for clinical diagnosis and risk factor identification, and the latter would be potentially facilitated by the discovery of reliable laboratory markers. Some patients with ASIA may present with clinical features that may be identified as NC-MCAD. This review examines the potential spectral nexus of NC-MCAD and ASIA and considers the role of the mast cell in such a possible interface.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hamilton MJ. Nonclonal mast cell activation syndrome: a growing body of evidence. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2018;38(3):469–81.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cohen Tervaert JW. Autoinflammatory/autoimmunity syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA; Shoenfeld’s syndrome): a new flame. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(12):1259–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Hyperstimulation of adaptive immunity as the common pathway for silicone breast implants, autoimmunity, and lymphoma of the breast. Isr Med Assoc J. 2019;21(8):517–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hamilton MJ, Hornick JL, Akin C, Castells MC, Greenberger NJ. Mast cell activation syndrome: a newly recognized disorder with systemic clinical manifestations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(1):147–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cardet JC, Castells MC, Hamilton MJ. Immunology and clinical manifestations of non-clonal mast cell activation syndrome. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13(1):10–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Watad A, Quaresma M, Brown S, et al. Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Shoenfeld’s syndrome)–an update. Lupus. 2017;26(7):675–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Colaris MJL, de Boer M, van der Hulst RR, Tervaert JWC. Two hundred cases of ASIA syndrome following silicone implants: a comparative study of 30 years and a review of current literature. Immunol Res. 2017;65(1):120–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gewitz MH, Baltimore RS, Tani LY, et al. Revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(20):1806–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Munn R, Farrell K, Cimolai N. Acute encephalomyelitis: extending the neurologic spectrum of acute rheumatic fever? Neuropediatrics. 1992;23(4):196–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Shulman ST, Ayoub EM. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002;1(5):562–5.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Murphy TK, Goodman WK, Ayoub EM, Voeller KK. On defining Sydenham’s chorea: where do we draw the line? Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(10):851–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gamucci A, Uccella S, Sciarretta L, et al. PANDAS and PANS: clinical, neuropsychological, and biological characterization of a monocentric series of patients and proposal for a diagnostic protocol. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2018.0087.

  13. Cimolai N. The Canadian contribution to the science of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and associated illnesses: the early years. Can J Microbiol. 2013;59(11):709–915.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Carter JE, Cimolai N. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with acute Campylobacter upsaliensis gastroenteritis. Nephron. 1996;74(2):489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cimolai N. Are Clostridium difficile toxins nephrotoxic? Med Hypotheses. 2019;126:4–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cimolai N, Anderson JD, Bhanji NMF, Chen L, Blair GK. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with perforated appendicitis and chronic diarrhea. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149(4):259–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cimolai N, Blair GK, Murphy JJ, Fraser GG. The impact of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection on a pediatric surgical service. Can J Surg. 1997;40(1):28–32.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Cimolai N, Carter JE, Morrison BJ, Anderson JD. Risk factors for the progression of Escherichia coli O157: H7 enteritis to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr. 1990;116(4):589–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cimolai N, Morrison BJ, Carter JE. Risk factors for the central nervous system manifestations of gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome in childhood. Pediatrics. 1992;90(4):616–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, Logigian EL. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA. 1993;269(14):1812–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Banerjee S, Banerjee M, Cimolai N, Malleson P, Proctor E. Seroprevalence survey of borreliosis in children with chronic arthritis in British Columbia, Canada. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(10):1620–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Webber BJ, Burganowski RP, Colton L, Escobar JD, Pathak SR, Gambino-Shirley KJ. Lyme disease overdiagnosis in a large healthcare system: a population-based, retrospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(10):1233–8.

  23. Masi A, DeMayo MM, Glozier N, Guastella AJ. An overview of autism spectrum disorder, heterogeneity and treatment options. Neurosci Bull. 2017;33(2):183–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Embacher R, et al. Demographic and clinical correlates of autism symptom domains and autism spectrum diagnosis. Autism. 2014;18(5):571–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Blaslov K, Naranda FS, Kruljac I, Renar IP. Treatment approach to type 2 diabetes: past, present and future. World J Diabetes. 2018;9(12):209–19.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bloomgarden Z. Beyond HbA1c. J Diabetes. 2017;9(12):1052–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Heianza Y, Arase Y, Fujihara K, et al. Screening for pre-diabetes to predict future diabetes using various cut-off points for HbA1c and impaired fasting glucose: the Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 4 (TOPICS 4). Diabet Med. 2012;29(9):e279–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Brooks-Worrell B, Palmer JP. Is diabetes mellitus a continuous spectrum? Clin Chem. 2011;57(2):158–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Inzucchi SE. Chapter 18. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. In: Porte Jr D, Sherwin RS, Baron A, editors. Ellenberg and Rifkin’s diabetes mellitus. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Professional; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zimmer P, Cowie C, Ekoe J-M, Shaw J. Chapter 1. Classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. In: RA DF, Ferrannini E, Keen H, Zimmet P, editors. International textbook of diabetes mellitus, vol. 1. 3rd ed: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2004.

  31. McIntyre HD. Discovery, knowledge, and action-diabetes in pregnancy across the translational spectrum: the 2016 Norbert Freinkel Award Lecture. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(2):227–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Espinosa E, Valitutti S. New roles and controls of mast cells. Curr Opin Immunol. 2018;50:39–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. González-de-Olano D, Álvarez-Twose I. Mast cells as key players in allergy and inflammation. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2018;28(6):365–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brown MA. Studies of mast cells: adventures in serendipity. Front Immunol. 2018;9:520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00520.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Fieri M, Patel R, Celestin J. Mast cell activation syndrome: a review. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13(1):27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Álvarez-Twose I, González de Olano D, Sánchez-Muňoz L, et al. Clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics of clonal mast cell disorders presenting with systemic mast cell activation symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(6):1269–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Maric I, Sun X. Advances in diagnosis of mastocytosis and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Semin Hematol. 2018;56(1):22–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tefferi A, Shah S, Reichard KK, Hanson CA, Pardanani A. Smoldering mastocytosis: survival comparisons with indolent and aggressive mastocytosis. Am J Hematol. 2019;94(1):E1–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shibao C, Arzubiaga C, Roberts LJ 2nd, et al. Hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome in mast cell activation disorders. Hypertension. 2005;45(3):385–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kassab D, Koterba A, Jiang, Akin C. Elevated tryptase levels in patients with mast cell activation syndromes without evidence of mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(Suppl):S67.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Akin C, Valent P, Metcalfe DD. Mast cell activation syndrome: proposed diagnostic criteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6):1099–104.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Valent P, Akin C, Bonadonna P, et al. Mast cell activation syndrome: importance of consensus criteria and call for research. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(3):1008–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Valent P, Akin C, Bonadonna P, et al. Proposed diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected mast cell activation syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(4):1125–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Schofield JR, Afrin LB. Recognition and management of medication excipient reactivity in patients with mast cell activation syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 2019;357(6):507–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Golden DBK. The many faces of mast cell disorders–a house of mirrors? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(4):1139–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Afrin LB, Molderings GJ. A concise, practical guide to diagnostic assessment for mast cell activation disease. World J Hematol. 2014;3(1):1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kabashima K, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, et al. Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation. Immunol Rev. 2018;282(1):11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Weiler CR. MCAS: tools for diagnosis and differential diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(2):498–506.

  49. Valent P, Bonadonna P, Hartmann K, et al. Why the 20% + 2 tryptase formula is a diagnostic gold standard for severe mast cell activation and mast cell activation syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2019;180(1):44–51.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N. ‘ASIA’–autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. J Autoimmun. 2011;36(1):4–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sergott TJ, Limoli JP, Baldwin CM, Laub DR. Human adjuvant disease, possible autoimmune disease after silicone implantation: a review of the literature, case studies, and speculation for the future. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78(1):104–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ostermeyer Shoaib B, Patten BM. Human adjuvant disease: presentation as a multiple sclerosis-like syndrome. South Med J. 1996;89(2):179–88.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bizjak M, Selmi C, Praprotnik S, et al. Silicone implants and lymphoma: the role of inflammation. J Autoimmun. 2015;65:64–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Powell DL. Cutaneous reactions to silicone. Dermatitis. 2005;16(2):97–8.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kurihara S, Tani Y, Tateishi K, et al. Allergic eosinophilic dermatitis due to silicone rubber: a rare but troublesome complication of the Tenckoff catheter. Perit Dial Int. 1985;5(January–March):65–67.

  56. Rubio A, Ponvert C, Goulet O, Scheinmann P, de Blic J. Allergic and nonallergic hypersensitivity reactions to silicone: a report of one case. Allergy. 2009;64(10):1554–61.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hunsaker DH, Martin PJ. Allergic reaction to solid silicone implant in medial thyroplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113(6):782–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kunda LD, Stidham KR, Inserra MM, Roland PS, Franklin D, Roberson JB Jr. Silicone allergy: a new cause for cochlear implant extrusion and its management. Otol Neurotol. 2006;27(8):1078–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Oprea ML, Schnöring H, Sachweh JS, Ott H, Biertz J, Vazquez-Jimenez JF. Allergy to pacemaker silicone compounds: recognition and surgical management. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(4):1275–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Stuck BA, Hecksteden K, Klimek L, Hörmann K. Type I hypersensitivity to a silicone tube after laryngectomy. HNO. 2004;52(3):255–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. van der Walle HB, Klecak G, Geleick H, Bensink T. Sensitizing potential of 14 mono (meth) acrylates in the guinea pig. Contact Dermatitis. 1982;8(4):223–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R, Tarvainen K. Statistics on allergic patch test reactions caused by acrylate compounds, including data on ethyl methacrylate. Am J Contact Dermat. 1995;6(2):75–7.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Torres MC, Linares T, Hernandez MD. Acrylates induced rhinitis and contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2005;53(2):114.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Goon AT-J, Bruze M, Zimerson E, Goh C-L, Koh DS-Q, Isaksson M. Screening for acrylate/methacrylate allergy in the baseline series: our experience in Sweden and Singapore. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59(5):307–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Salles AG, Lotierzo PH, Gemperli R, et al. Complications after polymethylmethacrylate injections: report of 32 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(5):1811–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Alijotas-Reig J, Garcia-Gimenez V, Llurba E, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome (ASIA) induced by biomaterials injection other than silicone medical grade. Lupus. 2012;21(12):1326–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Aavall Severinsen M, Sommerlund M, Naeser K. Management of a cataract patient with known allergy to methyl methacrylate. JCRS Online Case Rep. 2014;2(3):68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Alijotas-Reig J, Esteve-Valverde E, Gil-Aliberas N, Garcia-Gimenez V. Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants–ASIA–related to biomaterials: analysis of 45 cases and comprehensive review of the literature. Immunol Res. 2018;66(1):120–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Scanzi F, Andreoli L, Martinelli M, et al. Are the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) and the undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) related to each other? A case-control study of environmental exposures. Immunol Res. 2017;65(1):150–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Israeli E, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Adjuvants and autoimmunity. Lupus. 2009;18(13):1217–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ben-Hur N, Ballantyne DL, Rees TD, Seidman I. Local and systemic effects of dimethylpolysiloxane fluid in mice. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1967;39(4):423–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Solomon G. A clinical and laboratory profile of symptomatic women with silicone breast implants. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1994;24(1 Suppl. 1):29–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Vasey FB, Zarabadi SA, Seleznick M, Ricca L. Where there’s smoke there’s fire: the silicone breast implant controversy continues to flicker: a new disease that needs to be defined. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(10):2092–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Watad A, Quaresma M, Bragazzi NL, et al. The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)/Shoenfeld’s syndrome: descriptive analysis of 300 patients from the international ASIA syndrome registry. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(2):483–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Fryzek JP, Signorello LB, Hakelius L, et al. Self-reported symptoms among women after cosmetic breast implant and breast reduction surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(1):206–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Cruz-Tapias P, Blank M, Anaya J-M, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and vaccines in the etiology of antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24(4):389–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Katzav A, Kivity S, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Chapman J. Adjuvant immunization induces high levels of pathogenic antiphospholipid antibodies in genetically prone mice: another facet of the ASIA syndrome. Lupus. 2010;21(2):210–8.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Mendes J Jr, Mendes Maykeh VA, Frascino LF, Zacchi FFS. Gluteal implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;144(3):610–3.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kumagai Y, Abe C, Shiokawa Y. Scleroderma after cosmetic surgery: four cases of human adjuvant disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1979;22(5):532–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kaiser W, Biesenbach G, Stuby U, Grafinger P, Zazgornik J. Human adjuvant disease: remission of silicone induced autoimmune disease after explantation of breast augmentation. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990;9:937–8.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Goren I, Segal G, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvant (ASIA) evolution after silicone implants–who is at risk? Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(10):1661–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Travis WD, Balogh K, Abraham JL. Silicone granulomas: report of three cases and review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 1985;16(1):19–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Šmahel J. Histology of the capsules causing constrictive fibrosis around breast implants. Br J Plast Surg. 1977;30(4):324–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Smalley DI, Shanklin DR. T-cell-specific response to silicone gel. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98(5):915–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kalicharan D, Jongebloed WL, Van Der Veen G, Los LI, Worst JGF. Cell-ingrowth in a silicone plombe: interactions between biomaterial and scleral tissue after 8 years in situ: a SEM and TEM investigation. Doc Ophthalmol. 1991;78(3–4):307–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Heggers JP, Kossovsky N, Parsons RW, Robson MC, Pelley RP, Raine TJ. Biocompatibility of silicone implants. Ann Plast Surg. 1983;11(1):38–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Naim JO, Lanzafame RJ, van Oss CJ. The adjuvant effect of silicone-gel on antibody formation in rats. Immunol Investig. 2009;22(2):151–61.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Narini PP, Semple JL, Hay JB. Repeated exposure to silicone gel can induce delayed hypersensitivity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96(2):371–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kossovsky N, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Experimental demonstration of the immunogenicity of silicone-protein complexes. J Biomed Mater Res. 1987;21(9):1125–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hinderer UT, Escalona J. Dermal and subdermal tissue filling with fetal connective tissue and cartilage, collagen, and silicone: experimental study in the pig compared with clinical results–a new technique of dermis mini-autograft injections. Aesthet Plast Surg. 1990;14(4):239–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Lilla JA, Vistnes LM. Long-term study of reactions to various silicone breast implants in rabbits. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;57(5):637–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Andrews JM. Cellular behavior to injected silicone fluid: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1966;38(6):581–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Nosanchuk JS. Injected dimethylpolysiloxane fluid: a study of antibody and histologic response. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1968;42(6):562–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Janowsky EC, Kupper LL, Hulka BS. Meta-analysis of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(11):781–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ameratunga R, Gillis D, Gold M, Linneberg A, Elwood JM. Evidence refuting the existence of autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(6):1551–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ameratunga R, Langguth D, Hawkes D. Perspective: scientific and ethical concerns pertaining to animal models of autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). Autoimmun Res. 2018;17(5):435–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Groth AK, Graf R. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) and the textured breast implant crisis. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01521-3.

  98. Souto LRM. Invited discussion on: breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) and the textured breast implant crisis. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01528-w.

  99. McCulley JP. Biocompatibility of intraocular lenses. Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(3):155–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Lloyd AW, Faragher RGA, Denyer SP. Ocular biomaterials and implants. Biomaterials. 2001;22(8):769–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hall BJ, Jones LW, Dixon B. Silicone allergies and the eye: fact or fiction? Eye Contact Lens. 2014;40(1):51–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Stills HF Jr. Adjuvants and antibody production: dispelling the myths associated with Freund’s complete and other adjuvants. ILAR J. 2005;46(3):280–93.

  103. van Oss CJ, Singer JM, Gillman CF. The influence of particulate carriers and of mineral oil in adjuvants on the antibody response in rabbits to human gamma globulin. Immunol Commun. 1976;5(3):181–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Broderson JR. A retrospective review of lesions associated with the use of Freund’s adjuvant. Lab Anim Sci. 1989;39(5):400–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Claassen E, de Leeuw W, de Greeve P, Hendriksen C, Boersma W. Freund’s complete adjuvant: an effective but disagreeable formula. Res Immunol. 1992;143(5):478–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Billiau A, Matthys P. Modes of action of Freund’s adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune diseases. J Leukoc Biol. 2001;70(6):849–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Holmdahl R, Lorentzen JC, Lu S, et al. Arthritis induced in rats with nonimmunogenic adjuvants as models for rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev. 2001;18:184–202.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Rose NR. Autoimmunity, infection and adjuvants. Lupus. 2010;19(4):354–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Choudhary N, Bhatt LK, Prabhavalkar KS. Experimental animal models for rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2018;40(3):193–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Murray PJ, Young RA, Daley GQ. Hematopoietic remodeling in interferon-γ-deficient mice infected with mycobacteria. Blood. 1998;91(8):2914–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Meltzer MS, Leonard EJ. Enhanced tumor growth in animals pretreated with complete Freund’s adjuvant. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973;50(1):209–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mizisin AP, Wiley CA, Hughes RAC, Powell HC. Peripheral nerve demyelination in rabbits after inoculation with Freund’s complete adjuvant alone or in combination with lipid haptens. J Neuroimmunol. 1987;16(3):381–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Bernini L, Manzini CU, Giuggioli D, Sebastiani M, Ferri C. Reactive arthritis induced by intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer: our clinical experience and systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12(12):1150–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mizutani H, Mizutani H. Immunologic responses in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127(2):175–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Cimolai N, Mah D, Thomas E, Middleton PJ. Rapid immunoblot method for diagnosis of acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990;9(3):223–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Cimolai N. Chapter 3. Heterophil antibody. In: Cimolai N, editor. Serodiagnosis of the infectious diseases: Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Cimolai N, Cheong ACH. Anti-smooth muscle antibody in clinical human and experimental animal Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Appl Microbiol. 1997;82(5):625–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Weiner HL, Friedman A, Miller A, et al. Oral tolerance: immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:809–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Faria AM, Weiner HL. Oral tolerance. Immunol Rev. 2005;206:232–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Blank M, George J, Barak V, Tincani A, Koike T, Shoenfeld Y. Oral tolerance to low dose β2-glycoprotein I: immunomodulation of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. J Immunol. 1998;161(10):5303–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Grootens J, Understedt JS, Nilsson G, Dahlin JS. Deciphering the differentiation trajectory from hematopoietic stem cells to mast cells. Blood Adv. 2018;2(17):2273–81.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Johnson-Weaver B, Choi HW, Abraham SN, Staats HF. Mast cell activators as novel immune regulators. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2018;41:89–95.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Frossi B, Mion F, Sibilano R, Danelli L, Pucillo CEM. Is it time for a new classification of mast cells? What do we know about mast cell heterogeneity? Immunol Rev. 2018;282(1):35–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Wernersson S, Pejler G. Mast cell secretory granules: armed for battle. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(7):478–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Woolley DE, Tetlow LC. Mast cell activation and its relation to proinflammatory cytokine production in the rheumatoid lesion. Arthritis Res. 2000;2(1):65–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Pastwińska J, Agier J, Dastych J, Brzezińska-Blaszczyk E. Mast cells as the strength of the inflammatory process. Pol J Pathol. 2017;68(3):187–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Bonnekoh H, Scheffel J, Kambe N, Krause K. The role of mast cells in autoinflammation. Immunol Rev. 2018;282(1):265–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Ribatti D, Tamma R, Ruggieri S, Annese T, Marzullo A, Crivellato E. Mast cells and primary systemic vasculitides. Microcirculation. 2018;25(8):e12498. https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Conti P, Caraffa A, Mastrangelo F, et al. Critical role of inflammatory mast cell in fibrosis: potential therapeutic effect of IL-37. Cell Prolif. 2018;51(5):e12475. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Bradding P, Pejler G. The controversial role of mast cells in fibrosis. Immunol Rev. 2018;282(1):198–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Falanga V, Soter NA, Altman RD, Kerdel FA. Elevated plasma histamine levels in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arch Dermatol. 1990;126(3):336–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Qureshi AA, Friedman AJ. A review of the dermatologic symptoms of idiopathic mast cell activation syndrome. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(2):162–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Skaper SD, Facci L, Zusso M, Giusti P. Neuroinflammation, mast cells, and glia: dangerous liaisons. Neuroscientist. 2017;23(5):478–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Forsythe P. Mast cells in neuroimmune interactions. Trends Neurosci. 2019;42(1):43–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Costela-Ruiz VJ, Illescas-Montes R, Pavón-Martinez R, Ruiz C, Melguizo-Rodriguez L. Role of mast cells in autoimmunity. Life Sci. 2018;209:52–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Aoun Sebaiti M, Abrivard M, Blanc-Durant P, et al. Macrophagic myofasciitis-associated dysfunctioning: an update of neuropsychological and neuroimaging features. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(5):640–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kohn A, Chang C. The relationship between hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hDES), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-019-08755-8.

  138. Turner SD, Inghirami G, Miranda RN, Kadin ME. Cell of origin and immunological events in the pathogenesis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(1):2–10.

  139. Martinez-Villareal AA, Asz-Sigall D, Gutiérrez-Mendoza D, et al. A case series and a review of the literature on foreign modelling agent reaction: an emerging problem. Int Wound J. 2017;14(3):546–54.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Nevio Cimolai

  2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H3V4, Canada

    Nevio Cimolai

Authors
  1. Nevio Cimolai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nevio Cimolai.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights

The review does not invoke human or animal research de novo.

Informed Consent

Informed consents are not required for this review.

Disclaimer

There are no relationships with pharmaceutical enterprises.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Medicine

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cimolai, N. Mast Cell Biology and Linkages for Non-clonal Mast Cell Activation and Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 2, 2310–2323 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00494-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00494-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation