Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in most countries. Diabetic patients have a greater risk for CVDs. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and range of major CVD risk factors among diabetic patients receiving preventive and curative treatment at a diabetes clinic of Shariati Hospital based on gender and age. Four hundred eighteen diabetic participants aged 30–74 years old entered this cross-sectional study. Information about smoking habits, blood pressure, presence/absence of being under hypertension treatment, and lipid profiles was collected from each patient’s medical record and SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. The mean age of participants was 59.8 years. Smoking prevalence was 4.3%. Mean blood pressure was 121.5/79.2 mmHg. Mean total cholesterol was 152.2 mg/dl, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) was 83.1 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) was 45.4 mg/dl, and non-HDL cholesterol was 106.7 mg/dl. The prevalence of normal LDL-C was 87.3% and 77.4% in men and women, respectively (P = 0.01). Women had abnormal HDL-C levels more frequently than men (60.3% vs. 45.2%, P = 0.002). Most non-HDL levels were in normal spectrum (90.4% of males vs. 79.8% of females, P = 0.04). In individuals older than 65 years, normal values were more than abnormal ones except for females’ HDL-C. The results showed that most of the patients had normal ranges for CVD risk factors and more attention for HDL control is needed. Multiple supplementary prospective studies must have been done to investigate the exact situation of risk factors’ range among diabetic patients that receive preventive and curative treatment for CVD reduction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Esteghamati A, Meysamie A, Khalilzadeh O, Rashidi A, Haghazali M, Asgari F, et al. Third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007) in Iran: methods and results on prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):167.
Saadat S, Yousefifard M, Asady H, Jafari AM, Fayaz M, Hosseini M. The most important causes of death in Iranian population; a retrospective cohort study. Emergency. 2015;3(1):16–21.
Tuppin P, Rivière S, Rigault A, Tala S, Drouin J, Pestel L, et al. Prevalence and economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in France in 2013 according to the national health insurance scheme database. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;109(6–7):399–411.
Golozar A, Khademi H, Kamangar F, Poutschi H, Islami F, Abnet CC, et al. Diabetes mellitus and its correlates in an Iranian adult population. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26725.
Roeters van Lennep JE, Westerveld HT, Erkelens DW, van der Wall EE. Risk factors for coronary heart disease: implications of gender. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53(3):538–49.
Bosomworth NJ. Practical use of the Framingham risk score in primary prevention: Canadian perspective. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57(4):417–23.
Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, Chait A, Eckel RH, Howard BV, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1134–46.
Franquesa M, Pujol-Busquets G, García-Fernández E, Rico L, Shamirian-Pulido L, Aguilar-Martínez A, et al. Mediterranean diet and cardiodiabesity: a systematic review through evidence-based answers to key clinical questions. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):655.
Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, Ellis L, Wijesekara D, Vepa A, et al. Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2019, 3).
Hanson M. The inheritance of cardiovascular disease risk. Acta Paediatr. 2019.
Moosazadeh M, Amiresmaili M, Afshari M. Individual patient data meta-analysis of the smoking prevalence in Mazandaran Province of Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(2):e10294.
Moosazadeh M, Ziaaddini H, Mirzazadeh A, Ashrafi-Asgarabad A, Haghdoost AA. Meta-analysis of smoking prevalence in Iran. Addict Health. 2013;5(3–4):140–53.
Ardeshiri MJ, Moosazadeh M, Masouleh MF, Masouleh MF, Kiani A, Fakhri M. Prevalence of smoking in 15-64 years old population of north of Iran: meta-analysis of the results of non-communicable diseases risk factors surveillance system. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(7):494–500.
Ghaffari S, Pourafkari L, Tajlil A, Sahebihagh MH, Mohammadpoorasl A, Tabrizi JS, et al. The prevalence, awareness and control rate of hypertension among elderly in northwest of Iran. J Cardiovasc Thoracic Res. 2016;8(4):176–82.
Stryjewski P, Januś B, Krupa E, Nessler B, Badacz L, Nessler J. Prevalence of age, gender and body weight on the frequency of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in patients hospitalized in cardiology department. Przeglad lekarski. 2011;68(9):585–7.
Mirzaei M, Moayedallaie S, Jabbari L, Mohammadi M. Prevalence of hypertension in Iran 1980–2012: a systematic review. J Tehran Univ Heart Center. 2016;11(4):159–67.
Farid SM. Gender-related differences in lipid profile and atherogenic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Glob J Bio-Sci Biotechnol. 2017;6(3):430–8.
Nakhjavani M, Esteghamati A, Heshmat FEA. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: more atherogenic lipid profile in women. Acta Med Iran. 2006;44(2):111–8.
Yeasmin R, Nahar N, Muttalib M, Bhuiyan MNH, Zahid AZR, Jahan WA. Gender variation of lipid profiles of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients attended at a specialized diabetic hospital in Dhaka. J Curr Adv Med Res. 2015;2(2):34–8.
Alsaadi M, Qassim S, Hamad F, Metwali Z. Pattern of dyslipidaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Eur J Pharma Med Res. 2016;3(2):340–7.
Mohammadbeigi A, Moshiri E, Mohammadsalehi N, Ansari H, Ahmadi A. Dyslipidemia prevalence in Iranian adult men: the impact of population-based screening on the detection of undiagnosed patients. World J Men’s Health. 2015;33(3):167–73.
Palazhy S, Viswanathan V. Lipid abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with overt nephropathy. Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(2):128–34.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all colleagues in Shariati Hospital’s diabetes clinic and laboratory for their support in this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Conflict of Interests
All authors declare that they had no conflict of interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Medicine
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Faradonbeh, N.A., Nikaeen, F., Akbari, M. et al. The Prevalence and Range of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Iranian Diabetic Adults. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 1, 517–522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-019-00075-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-019-00075-4