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Lessons learnt from the fire blight epidemics: a mini review

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Abstract

The fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora is a major threat to apple and pear production worldwide. After its first detection in Morocco in 2006, the disease was widely spread in the following years in the region, causing severe losses in quince, pear and apple productions. Several approaches were then taken from early detection to the management of the disease. In this review, we emphasize some of the aspects of the fire blight disease symptoms, disease cycle, and pathogen development as well as control methods and measures undertaken against the fire blight outbreak. Detection and control methods employed by farmers and imposed by the government were having much attention for the disease management. Integrated control strategies using tolerant cultivars in combination with sanitation practices as well as cultural, physical, chemical, and biological controls were deeply discussed in this review. In conclusion, plant inspection authorities, farmers, and industries have learned many lessons from this unforgettable and devastating epidemic, and now they will be further prepared for a similar situation.

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Abbreviations

EPPO:

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

VNBC:

Viable but non-culturable state

EPS:

Exopolysaccharide

EIP:

Emerging infections program

WTO:

The World Trade Organization

ONSSA:

National Office of Health and Food Safety

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection and Environment of the Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, BP/S 40, 50001, Meknes, Morocco

    Laaziza Doukkali, Nabil Radouane, Said Ezrari, Abdessalem Tahiri, Said Amiri & Rachid Lahlali

  2. Laboratory of Biactives, Molecules and Environment, Université Moulay Ismail Faculté des Sciences, B.P 11201, Meknes, Morocco

    Laaziza Doukkali & Farhate Guenoun

  3. Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, P.O. Box 2202, Fez, Morocco

    Nabil Radouane & Said Ezrari

  4. Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of the Basic Sciences, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture, BPS/40, Meknes, Morocco

    Laaziza Doukkali & Bouchra Tazi

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  1. Laaziza Doukkali
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  2. Nabil Radouane
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Contributions

LD, NR, SE and RL: conceptualization, methodology, LD, NR, SE: writing—original draft. ED, NR, and SE: collection of the data. AT, BT, FG, SA and RL: supervision, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abdessalem Tahiri or Rachid Lahlali.

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Doukkali, L., Radouane, N., Ezrari, S. et al. Lessons learnt from the fire blight epidemics: a mini review. Indian Phytopathology 75, 611–625 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-022-00509-5

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