Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Documentation and characterization of fungal diseases in nursery seedlings of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) in Kerala, India

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Indian Phytopathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Survey in three different seasons were conducted for collection and characterization of fungal diseases affecting nursery raised teak seedlings in central Kerala, India. Based on visual symptoms and morphological identification, nine diseases were recorded and among them six were first time records in teak from the state viz; leaf blight caused by Curvularia eragrostidis, leaf spots caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Botryodiplodia theobromae, collar rot caused by Alternaria alternata, root rots caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Based on the investigation and assessment, leaf blight caused by Curvularia eragrostidis and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum were considered as two major diseases. Cultural as well as morphological characterization was made for each pathogen and molecular characterization was done for two major diseases causing pathogens. Weather correlation with disease occurrence was found to be significant for two diseases. Curvularia causing severe foliar disease was a new record since it was earlier reported as only of minor significance. The shift in disease spectrum due to increased virulence of minor pathogens should be further analyzed based on the changing climate scenario.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Agrios GN (2005) Plant pathology, 5th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Ai C, Wu F, Sun S, Shan T, Wang J (2015) First report of brown leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata on teak in China. Plant Dis 99(6):887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MMI, Florence EJM (1994) Studies on collar rot of teak seedlings. Indian For 120:69–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Archana B (2014) Morphological and physiological studies on curvularia leaf spot disease of poplar. Ph. D. thesis, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 179p

  • Bakshi BK (1976) Forest pathology principle and practice in forestry. Controller of Publications, Delhi, p 400p

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasundaran M (2002) Diseases of tropical forest trees. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasundaran M, Sankaran KV (1991) Fusarium solani associated with stem canker die-back of teak in southern India. Indian For 117:147–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral PGC, Capucho AS, Pereira OL, Maciel-Zambolim E, Freitas RL, Zambolin L (2010) First report of teak leaf rust disease caused by Olivea tectonae in Brazil. Australas Plant Dis Notes 5:113–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC [International Panel on Climate Change] (2001) IPCC third assessment report: climate change 2001. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari R, Banerjee A, Kumar R, Kumar A, Saikia P, Khan, ML (2019) Deforestation in India: consequences and sustainable solutions. In: forest degradation around the world. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85804

  • Mahowald NM, Ward DS, Doney SC, Hess PG, Randerson JT (2017) Are the impacts of land use on warming underestimated in climate policy? Environ Res Lett 12(9):094016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra S, Dhar V (2005) Efficient methods of inoculation by Fusarium the incitant of pigeon pea wilt. Indian Phytopathol 58:332–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanan C (2000) Status of forest nursery diseases in India and emerging trends in seedling disease management. In: Lilja, Sutherland (eds) Proc. 4th IUFRO WP. 7.03.04. Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries, Finnish Forest research Institute, Suonenjoki, Finland, pp 107–121

  • Mohanan C, (2007) Diseases of teak in India and their management. In: Bhat KM, Balasundaran M, Bhat KV, Muralidharan EM, Thulasidas, PK, (eds) Processing and marketing of teak wood products of planted forests. Proceedings of the regional workshop, Kerala Forest research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India, 25–28 September, 2007. pp 214–222

  • Mohanan C, Sharma JK (2005) Improvement of seedling production system in forestry sector and its impact on seedling health. In: Diseases and insects in forest nurseries—Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of IUFRO WorkingParty S7.03.04, 6–8 May 2003, Kerala

  • Mohanan C, Sharma JK, Florence EJM (1997) Nursery diseases of teak in India. In: Basha CS, Mohanan C, Sankar S, (eds) Proceedings of International Teak Symposium, 4–6 December 1991, Peechi. Kerala Forest Department and Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, pp 107–112

  • Mohanan C, Ratheesh N, Laya PN, Kumar RKC (2004) Disease problems and their management in teak root trainer nurseries in Kerala, India. In: Bhat KM, Nair KKN, Bhat KV, Muralidharan EM, Sharma JK (eds) Quality timber products of teak from sustainable forest management. Proceedings of the International Conference, Kerala Forest research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India, 2–5 December, 2003. pp 462–466

  • Mohanan C, Ratheesh N, Kumar KCR (2010) Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) root trainer nurseries: diseases and their management. Indian J Forestry 33(4):519–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Munaut F, Hamide N, Marate H (1997) A standardized microdroplet inoculation technique for analysis of the interaction between Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Stylosanthes guianensis. Parasit 53(4):117–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarjun N, Suryanarayana V (2016) Documentation, characterization and management of leaf spot of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. J Farm Sci 29(3):381–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Namitha J (1989) Ecology and control of some forest tree species in nurseries. Ph.D. (Botany) thesis, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya University, Madhya Pradesh, 313p

  • Pathak H, Maru S, Satya HN, Silawat SC (2015) Fungal diseases of trees in forest nurseries of Indore. India J Plant Pathol Microbiol 6(8):1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha JRS, Oliveira NT, Menezes M (1998) Comparison of inoculation methods efficiency for evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates pathogenicity on passion fruits (Passiflora edulis). Braz Arch Biol Technol 41:145–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayyad SI, Mogle TR, Sonkamble MM (2015) Cultural characteristics of Macrophomina phaseolina. Ann Plant Prot Sci 23(2):390–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma JK, Sankaran KV (1987) Diseases of Albizia falcataria in Kerala and their possible control measures. KFRI Res Report 47:1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma JK, Mohanan C, Florence E JM (1985) Disease survey in nurseries and plantations of forest tree species grown in Kerala. KFRI research report No. 36. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala. 275p

  • Tade and Bharathy (2011) Prevalence and management of root and collar rot of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F.) seedlings in nurseries. J Plant Dis Sci 6(2):128–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma RK (2013) Outbreak of a nursery disease of teak in central India. Indian For 139(8):750–752

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma RK, Sharma N, Soni KK, Jamaluddin (2008) Forest fungi of central India. International Book Distributing Company, Lucknow, p 418p

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma RK, Hanwat RH, Rajput PST, CK (2013) Status of Khair mortality in central India. Indian For 139(9):790–796

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler BEJ (1969) An introduction of plant disease. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor JW (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MADH, Gelfand JJ, Sninsky, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press Inc, New York, pp 315–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie CP, Ma R, Zheng FQ, Liu PP (2017) First report of leaf spot caused by Curvularia lunata on Plumeria rubra in Hainan. China Plant Dis 101(1):252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yáñez-López R, Torres-Pacheco I, GuevaraGonzález RG, Hernández-Zul MI, Quijano-Carranza JA, Rico-García E (2012) The effect of climate change on plant diseases. Afr J Biotechnol 11(10):2417-a2428. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.2442

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial and technical backing provided by Kerala Agricultural University for this research work and for the support and cooperation extended by the Social Forestry Wing of Kerala state Forests and Wildlife Department for the field survey and data collection. The authors also graciously remember the service of Dr. P. N. Chowdhary, National Centre for Fungal Taxonomy, New Delhi for his sincere taxonomic service.

Funding

This research work was carried out with the financial support of Kerala Agricultural University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

    M. Kiran, S. Gopakumar & K. Vidyasagaran

  2. Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

    V. Reshmy

Authors
  1. M. Kiran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Gopakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Reshmy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Vidyasagaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Kiran.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kiran, M., Gopakumar, S., Reshmy, V. et al. Documentation and characterization of fungal diseases in nursery seedlings of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) in Kerala, India. Indian Phytopathology 74, 639–647 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-021-00333-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-021-00333-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation