Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of areca husk resin for purification of crude Millettia pinnata fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) and its comparative studies

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Emergent Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In India, a nation with a large population, the energy sector that meets both industrial and human demands is impacted by the depletion of fossil fuels. There is enormous growth in alternative biodiesel industrial sectors. These biodiesel industries require large quantity of water for refining crude biodiesel after the transesterification reaction of triglycerides from the natural non-edible feedstock. To save valuable water resources for future generations, this research work focused on development of areca husk resin instead of water to refine crude biodiesel obtained after transesterification reaction. Millettia pinnata fatty acid methyl esters (MFAME) synthesized from Millettia pinnata oil were collected and purified by areca husk resin (AHR) and commercial polystyrene-divinylbenzene sulfonic acid resin (CPSRH) in an ion-exchange column. Comparing the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of AHR with that of CPSRH, it is found that the IEC of AHR is 1.70 Meq/gm, while that of CPSRH is 1.90 Meq/gm. The prepared AHR was characterized by FTIR, SEM–EDS. MFAME eluted from an ion-exchange column with 30 cm height, and 1 cm diameter was filled with AHR and CPSRH resins. Based on that comparison, it was found that the flow rate was less than 40 drops/min, resulting in MFAME compliant with ASTM 6751D standards. In addition, the physicochemical properties of MFAME obtained through the developed resin were compared with conventional MFAME production methods, and it identified that the quality of MFAME obtained through the purification of the developed resin was excellent, with all properties within the permissible limits. Compared with the conventional MFAME purification method, the yield of MFAME obtained by the AHR method was higher (92%).

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. S. K. Tyagi, R. Kothari, and V. v. Tyagi, J. Biofuels (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1532732

  2. S.-Z. Li and C. Chan-Halbrendt, Appl. Energy, (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.047

  3. A. K. Agarwal, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci, (2007), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.08.003

  4. F. Ferella, G. Mazziotti Di Celso, I. de Michelis, V. Stanisci, and F. Vegliò’, Fuel, (2010), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.01.025

  5. L. Reijnders, Energy Policy, (2006), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.09.001

  6. F. Qiu, Y. Li, D. Yang, X. Li, and P. Sun, Appl. Energy, (2011), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.070

  7. A. Dewangan, A. K. Yadav, and A. Mallick, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Uti. Environ. Effects, (2018) https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1502849

  8. J. C. Yori, S. A. D’Ippolito, C. L. Pieck, and C. R. Vera, Energy Fuels, (2007), https://doi.org/10.1021/ef060362d

  9. M. Berrios and R. L. Skelton, Chem. Eng. J, (2008), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.07.019

  10. J. Saleh, A. Y. Tremblay, and M. A. Dubé, Fuel, (2010), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.04.025

  11. U. N. Annal, A. Natarajan, B. Gurunathan, V. Mani, and R. Sahadevan, Biofuels Bioenergy, (2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90040-9.00033-3

  12. K. Sakura and A. Tsuge, Polym. J, (2014), https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2013.57

  13. H. P. de S. Costa, M. G. C. da Silva, and M. G. A. Vieira, J. Water Process Eng, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.101925

  14. M. I. A. Abdel Maksoud, A. M. Elgarahy, C. Farrell, A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, D. W. Rooney, and A. I. Osman, Coord. Chem. Rev, (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213096

  15. V. K. Gupta, I. Ali, T. A. Saleh, M. N. Siddiqui, and S. Agarwal, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, (2013), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0950-9

  16. I. M. Atadashi, M. K. Aroua, A. R. A. Aziz, and N. M. N. Sulaiman, Appl. Energy (2011), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.029

  17. M. K. Mondal, J Environ. Manage, (2009), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.025

  18. N. Nasuha and B. H. Hameed, Chem. Eng. J. (2011), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.11.012

  19. B. Xiao, X. F. Sun, and R. Sun, Polym. Degrad. Stab, (2001), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00133-6

  20. V. Vinu and N. N. Binitha, Mater. Today Proc, (2020) , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.210

  21. D.R. Ramappa, Economics of areca nut cultivation in Karnataka, a case study of Shivamogga district. IOSR-JAVS 3, 50–59 (2013). https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0315059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Sasmal, V. v. Goud, and K. Mohanty, Biomass Bioenergy. (2012), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.06.008

  23. A. B. Fadhil and L. I. Saeed, Int. J. Green Energy. ( 2016), https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2014.896801

  24. H. Muthu, V. SathyaSelvabala, T. K. Varathachary, D. Kirupha Selvaraj, J. Nandagopal, and S. Subramanian, Braz. J. Chem. Eng, (2010), https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322010000400012

  25. K. V. Yatish, H. S. Lalithamba, R. Suresh, and H. R. Harsha Hebbar, Renew Energy, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.124

  26. R. B. Ashok, C. v. Srinivasa, and B. Basavaraju, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater, (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-020-00169-x

  27. S. Fisher, R. Kunin, Routine exchange capacity determinations of ion exchange resins. Anal Chem 27(7), 1191–1194 (1955). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60103a052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A. Banagar, S. V. Chikkol, and B. Bennehalli, Materials Research Innovations, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2020.1834747

  29. R. B. Ashok, C. v. Srinivasa, and B. Basavaraju, Sci. Technol. Mater (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stmat.2018.05.004

  30. X. Sha, X. Sheng, Y. Zhou, B. Wang, Y. Liu, and J. Bao, Appl. Organomet. Chem, (2019), https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.5180

  31. J. S. Oliveira, R. Montalvão, L. Daher, P. A. Z. Suarez, and J. C. Rubim, Talanta, (2006), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.01.002

  32. U. Rashid, F. Anwar, and G. Knothe, Biomass Bioenergy, (2011), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.043

  33. T. Mehmood, Z. Shaheen, S. A. Malik, Q. Tabassam, F. Siddique, and L. Jabeen, Waste Biomass Valorization, (2016), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9472-2

  34. R.M. Silverstein, F.X. Webster, Spectrometric identification of organic compounds, 6th edn. (Wiley, New York, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  35. P. Sorichetti, S. Romano, Water consumption in biodiesel production: optimization through measurement of electrical Properties. Environ Res J 6, 231–240 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering, Affiliated to VTU , Shivamogga, 577201, Karnataka, India

    S. G. Chethan & M. H. Moinuddin Khan

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering, Affiliated to VTU, Shivamogga, 577201, Karnataka, India

    L. K. Sreepathi

Authors
  1. S. G. Chethan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. H. Moinuddin Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. K. Sreepathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. G. Chethan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chethan, S.G., Moinuddin Khan, M.H. & Sreepathi, L.K. Development of areca husk resin for purification of crude Millettia pinnata fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) and its comparative studies. emergent mater. 6, 231–243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00452-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00452-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation