Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inclusion engineering and metallurgy of calcium treatment

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Iron and Steel Research International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although a great deal of research has been done in the area of inclusion control during steelmaking, a complete description of the process of inclusion modification and shape control cannot be found in literatures. As a result, the terms “inclusion modification” and “shape control” are often used loosely in the technical community. To utilize the full potential offered by a calcium treatment, it is important to understand why an inclusion whose composition has been modified may not necessarily have its shape modified. With the purpose of decoupling the process of inclusion phase change from inclusion shape control, and to provide a complete description of the metallurgy of calcium treatment, a detailed literature survey has been performed on the subject. By coupling the survey with a new concept developed to tailor the cleanliness of steels to the intended applications, the hope is to provide the reader with valuable information on calcium treatment for inclusion modification and shape control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. Moody, W.M. Garrison, Jr., J.E. Smugeresky, J.E. Costa, Metall. Trans. A 24 (1993) 161–174.

  2. W.M. Garrison Jr., N.R. Moody, Metall. Trans. A 18 (1987) 1257–1263.

  3. R. Rungta, A.J. Skidmore, R. D. Buchheit, in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1988, pp. 21–34.

  4. A. D. Wilson, in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1988, pp. 1–19.

  5. D.W. Hetzner, in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1988, pp. 35–46.

  6. G.F. Vander Voort, in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1988, pp. 49–64.

  7. W. E. White, in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1988, pp. 179–199.

  8. S.V. Subramanian, D.A.R. Kay, in: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the 1988 World Materials Congress, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1988, pp. 73–83.

  9. L. Ragnarsson, Formation of Non-metallic Inclusions and the Possibility of their Removal during Ingot Casting, Materials Processing Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden, 2010.

  10. K. Schwerdtfeger, in: Kinetics of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking, Verlag Stahl Eisen, 1975, pp. 192–218.

  11. R.K. Iyenger, W.O. Philbrook, Metall. Trans. 3 (1972) 1823–1830.

  12. W.A. Spitzig, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 14 (1983) 471–484.

  13. A.W. Cramb, in: Continuous Casting of Steel Billets, Blooms and Slabs, Vol. 1, 1997, pp. 8.41–8.78.

  14. R. Kiessling, Met. Sci. 15 (1980) 161–172.

  15. L. Zhang, B.G. Thomas, X. Wang, K. Cai, in: 85th Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 2002, pp. 431–452.

  16. K.W. Lange, Int. Mater. Rev. 33 (1988) 53–89.

  17. L. Zhang, B.G. Thomas, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 37 (2006) 733–761.

  18. Z.T. Ma, Control of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Continuously Cast Steels in View of Macrocleanliness, Castability, Precipitation Modification and Grain Refinement, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Germany, 2001.

  19. D. Mu, L. Holappa, Production of Clean Steel: Literature Survey, Gov. Res. Announc. Index, USA, 1993, Report No. PB93-179471/XAB.

  20. N. Tripathi, D. Sichen, Scand. J. Metall. 33 (2004) 362–369.

  21. D.J. Sosinky, I.D. Somerville, Metall. Trans. B 17 (1986) 331–337.

  22. E. B. Pretorius, H. G. Oltmann, T. Cash, in: AISTech Proceedings, Volume 1, AIST, St. Louis, USA, 2009, pp. 1035–1049.

  23. B. Coletti, S. Vantilt, B. Blanpain, S. Sridhar, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 34 (2003) 533–538.

  24. R.A. Rege, E.S. Szekeres, W.D. Forgeng, Metall. Trans. AIME 1 (1970) 2652–2653.

  25. N. Verma, Modification of Alumina and Spinel Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA, 2011.

  26. H. Kimura, M. Mori, R. Miura, K. Sugawara, A. Uehara, H. Tanaka, T. Shirai, Nippon Steel Tech. Rep. (1994) No. 61, 22–28.

  27. E.T. Turkdogan, Fundamentals of Steelmaking, The Institute of Materials, UK, 1996, pp. 290–292.

  28. Y. He, Z. Li, H. Qi, W. Gao, Met. Res. Innovat. 1 (1997) No. 3, 157–160.

  29. M. Wakoh, T. Sawai, S. Mizoguchi, ISIJ Int. 36 (1996) 1014–1021.

  30. G.N. Shannon, S. Seetharaman, Scand. J. Metall. 34 (2005) 353–362.

  31. P.H. Lindon, J.C. Billington, Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 245 (1969) 1775–1784.

  32. T. Ototani, Calcium Clean Steel, Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp. 34–104.

  33. A. W. Cramb, I. Jimbo, I&SM 16 (1989) No. 6, 43–55.

  34. P. Misra, V. Chevrier, S. Sridhar, A. W. Cramb, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 31(2000) 1135–1139.

  35. D.C. Hilty, D.A.R. Kay, in: Electric Furnace Steelmaking, Vol. 43, ISS - AIME, USA, 1985, pp. 237–251.

  36. T. Malkiewicz, S. Rudnik, JISI 201 (1963) 33–38.

  37. J. Monnot, B. Heritier, J.Y. Cogne, Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of Bearing Steels, ASTM STP 987, 1988, pp. 149–165.

  38. D. Brooksbank, K.W. Andrews, JISI 210 (1972) 246–255.

  39. D.P. Fairchild, D.G. Howden, W.A.T. Clark, in: R. Asfahani, Ed., High Performance Structural Steels, ASM, 1995, pp. 235–246.

  40. D. Apelian, in: Proceedings of Low-Sulfur Steel Symposium, AMAX Materials Research Center, Ann Arbor, USA, 1984, pp. 7–16.

  41. T.J. Baker, J.A. Charles, in: Proceedings, British Steel Corp./Iron and Steel Inst. Conference, Scarborough, UK, 1977, pp. 79–87.

  42. H. Jacobi, K. Wünnenberg, in: IISI Study on Clean Steel: State of the Art and Process Technology in Clean Steelmaking, International Iron and Steel Institute, Belgium, 2004, pp. 287–330.

  43. A. Ghosh, Secondary Steelmaking – Principles and Applications, CRC Press LLC, 2001.

  44. V. Singh, S. Lekakh, E. Martinez, K. Peaslee, in: MS&T Proceedings, ASM International, Pittsburgh, USA, 2009, pp. 1019–1030.

  45. R.B. Tuttle, J.D. Smith, K.D. Peaslee, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 36 (2005) 885–892.

  46. D. Janke, Z. Ma, P. Valentin, A. Heinen, ISIJ Int. 40 (2000) 31–39.

  47. A.D. Wilson, in: Proceedings of Low-Sulfur Steel Symposium, AMAX Materials Research Center, Ann Arbor, USA, 1984, pp. 17–28.

  48. S. Abraham, J. Raines, R. Bodnar, “Development of an Inclusion Characterization Methodology for Improving Steel Product Cleanliness”, Iron & Steel Technology, AIST Transaction, Vol. 11, No. 2, February 2014, pp. 219–234.

  49. D. Roy, P.C. Pistorius, R.J. Fruehan, in: AISTech Proceedings, AIST, Atlanta, USA, 2012, pp. 1028–1035.

  50. ASTM A495-06 Standard Specification for Calcium-Silicon Alloys, 2005.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Steven Hansen, Ed Diccicio, Tom Toner, Randy Petty, Jason Thomas, Jerry Peters, Michael Cooke, Mike Schmidt, Miles Haberkorn, Chris Amsden, Nolan Nelson, Matt Marino, Eric Lynch, Jake Ecklund and Keith Taylor of SSAB Americas for supporting this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. SSAB Americas, Muscatine, IA, 52761, USA

    Sunday Abraham, Rick Bodnar, Justin Raines & Yufeng Wang

Authors
  1. Sunday Abraham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rick Bodnar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Justin Raines
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yufeng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sunday Abraham.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abraham, S., Bodnar, R., Raines, J. et al. Inclusion engineering and metallurgy of calcium treatment. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 25, 133–145 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0017-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0017-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation