Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a worldwide pathogen of Vitis negatively affecting wine production. In red berry cultivars grown in New Zealand, the foliar changes to GLRaV-3-infected vines inform decisions on vine removal (roguing). However, roguing does not always contain GLRaV-3 spread in the presence of an insect vector like the mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae. Virus incidence and mealybug abundance data collected annually over 7 years were modelled under differing scenarios to ascertain support for roguing. In a simulated 1 ha vineyard planted in 2500 mature Merlot vines, simulations over 20 years evaluated the effectiveness of roguing, ‘rogue 1 + 2’ (concurrent roguing of symptomatic plus both within-row neighbouring vines), inefficient roguing (50% of symptomatic vines rogued), and ‘no-action’. The model used variable initial GLRaV-3 incidence (0.4, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), and low, median and high vector densities (6, 26 and 75 mealybugs per 100 vine leaves, respectively). Roguing was the optimal response to GLRaV-3, independent of the initial incidence, but results were vector density dependent. At a low vector density, roguing relative to the other responses tested, sustained the lowest annual GLRaV-3 incidence, the least need to plant replacement vines and the lowest estimated average annual costs plus loss of income. At median and high vector densities, roguing remained the most favourable response but virus control was less effective and the costs incurred were higher. Thus, for vineyards affected by GLRaV-3, achieving economic sustainability relies on integrating efficient roguing with effective vector management.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge joint funding for this research from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment and New Zealand Winegrowers Research Centre Limited (NZWRC), Blenheim, New Zealand. We would like to acknowledge the support of Simon Hooker, Will Kerner, and Nick Hoskins (all of NZWRC). We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, and Duncan Hedderley and Andrew McLachlan (both of Plant and Food Research) for reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript. Finally, we are grateful for the support of the vineyard owners and viticulture personnel who allowed us to access their properties over multiple years.
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All authors are unaware of any conflicts of interest or competing interests likely to affect publication of this research; Data availability – the data presented in this paper are owned by New Zealand Winegrowers Research Centre Limited.
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Bell, V.A., Lester, P.J., Pietersen, G. et al. The management and financial implications of variable responses to grapevine leafroll disease. J Plant Pathol 103, 5–15 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00736-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00736-7