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Regulating the properties of activated carbon for supercapacitors: impact of particle size and degree of aromatization of hydrochar

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Abstract

Hydrochar (HC), obtained by the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass, is an excellent precursor for preparing activated carbon (AC). However, the effects of the intrinsic properties of HC on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of AC are largely unknown. This study investigates the impact of particle size and the degree of aromatization of in-situ HC on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of AC. Our results show that a large particle size and a high degree of aromatization help protect the HC from overactivation by ZnCl2, resulting in an large specific surface area (SSA > 2000 m2/g) and high mesopore to micropore volume ratio value ( Vmes/Vmic > 0.3) of the AC. Electrochemical performance measurements show a maximum specific capacitance of 218 F/g at 0.5 A/g was achieved in all samples where the AC (AC180-10 h) was prepared by activating HC180-10 h with a large size, a high degree of aromatization, and abundant surface oxygen-containing functional groups. After AC180-10 h was assembled into a supercapacitor, the specific capacitance of AC180-10 h still reached 158 F/g at 0.5 A/g, and it showed excellent cycling stability. This study advances the understanding of the impact of HC particle size and degree of aromatization on AC properties, providing new insights into tailoring HC qualities so that improving improve the properties of AC.

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Funding

The project was sponsored by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFE0114400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22268007), Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province, China (Grant No. 2021GXNSFDA196006), Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (Grant No. YCBZ2023020), and the Foundation of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University (Grant Nos. 2021KF20, 2021KF02, 2021KF32, and 2021KF34). The AJR efforts were provided by the University of Tennessee.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People’s Republic of China

    Jian Peng, Xiheng Kang, Siyu Zhao, Yongjun Yin & Xueping Song

  2. School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China

    Peitao Zhao

  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    Arthur J. Ragauskas

  4. Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

    Arthur J. Ragauskas

  5. Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Arthur J. Ragauskas

  6. Tianjin University Sci & Technol, Tianjin Key Lab Pulp & Paper, College Light Industry & Engineering, Tianjin, 300457, People’s Republic of China

    Chuanling Si

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  1. Jian Peng
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Xueping Song supervised the project. Jian Peng designed the experiments. Xiheng Kang, Siyu Zhao, and Yongjun Yin performed the experiments. All authors discussed experiments and results. Jian Peng wrote the manuscript. Peitao Zhao, Arthur J. Ragauskas and Chuanling Si revised the manuscript. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

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Peng, J., Kang, X., Zhao, S. et al. Regulating the properties of activated carbon for supercapacitors: impact of particle size and degree of aromatization of hydrochar. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 6, 107 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-023-00682-9

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