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Synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride/zinc oxide (g-C3N4/ZnO) hybrid nanostructures and investigation of the effect of ZnO on the photodegradation activity of g-C3N4 against the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) dye under visible light irradiation

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Abstract

In the present study, g-C3N4/ZnO hybrid nanostructures were synthesized by mixing urea and zinc acetate as precursors via grinding and then microwave-assisted dehydration followed by a low-temperature calcination process. The structural and textural properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy combine electron-dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and UV–vis spectroscopic techniques. The effect of ZnO on the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 was investigated by considering the photodegradation of brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) dye over the fabricated g-C3N4/ZnO hybrid nanostructures under visible light irradiation. The g-C3N4/ZnO hybrid nanostructures obtained from the 4:1 weight ratio of urea and zinc acetate precursors denoted as g-C3N4/ZnO (20%) composite exhibited the greatest degradation efficiency in comparison to the other fabricated g-C3N4/ZnO hybrid nanostructures as well as to the pure ZnO and g-C3N4. In 60 min of visible light irradiation at pH (10), 99.51% of the BCB dye was mineralized. The photodegradation reaction data followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, and the kinetic rate constant (k) value for the degradation of BCB dye over the g-C3N4/ZnO (20%) hybrid nanostructure was calculated to be 0.08644 min−1. The scavenger experiment results revealed that the electrons (e−) and superoxide (•O2−) radical were the major reactive species involved in the degradation of BCB dye. Furthermore, the reusability experiments confirmed the good reusability and photostability of the g-C3N4/ZnO (20%) hybrid nanostructures after the four runs of recycles. The decrease in the catalyst performance even after four repeated cycles was determined to be only 4.5%. Thus, the present work provides an efficient and facile synthetic approach for the construction of g-C3N4/ZnO hybrid nanostructures which can be employed effectively for the photocatalytic degradation of organic water pollutants.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (India), MRC, MINT, Jaipur, and Manipal University, Jaipur, for the technical support provided by them for this study. K.P. thanks the UGC-India, and J.K.S. thanks the CSIR-India for their fellowships.

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    Parmeshwar Lal Meena, Krishna Poswal, Ajay Kumar Surela & Jitendra Kumar Saini

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Meena, P.L., Poswal, K., Surela, A.K. et al. Synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride/zinc oxide (g-C3N4/ZnO) hybrid nanostructures and investigation of the effect of ZnO on the photodegradation activity of g-C3N4 against the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) dye under visible light irradiation. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 6, 16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00577-1

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