Abstract
A study on the flexural properties of carbon and glass fibre-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites is presented in this paper. For the purpose of understanding the effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties, test specimens of both glass/carbon and sandwich stacking sequences were studied both experimentally and by simulation. The experimental flexural properties were obtained by three-point bend test in accordance with ASTM D7264/D7264M-15. Simulation was achieved with the aid of finite element analysis (FEA) and classical lamination theory (CLT). From the experimental and simulation results, it is concluded that for the hybrid composites with glass/carbon stacking sequences, when glass/epoxy laminas are placed on the compressive face, positive hybrid effects are present. When glass/epoxy laminas are placed on the tensile face, the hybrid effect is dominantly negative. For the sandwich-type hybrid composites, carbon/epoxy laminas should be the skin and glass/epoxy laminas should be the core.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kretsis G (1987) A review on the tensile, compressive, flexural and shear properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced plastics. Composites 18(1):13–23
Manders PW, Bader MG (1981) The strength of hybrid glass/carbon fibre composites. J Mater Sci 16(8):2233–2245
Dong C, Duong J, Davies IJ (2012) Flexural properties of S-2 glass and TR30S carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Polym Compos 33(5):773–781
Dong C, Ranaweera-Jayawardena HA, Davies IJ (2012) Flexural properties of hybrid composites reinforced by S-2 glass and T700S carbon fibres. Compos Part B 43(2):573–581
De San Miguel B. Sudarisman, Davies IJ (2009) The effect of partial substitution of E-glass fibre for carbon fibre on the mechanical properties of CFRP composites, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Materials and Metallurgical Technology 2009 (ICOMMET 2009). 125–128
Fischer S, Marom G (1987) The flexural behaviour of aramid fibre hybrid composite materials. Compos Sci Technol 28(4):291–314
Dong C, Davies IJ (2012) Optimal design for the flexural behaviour of glass and carbon fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites. Mater Des 37:450–457
Dong C, Davies IJ (2013) Flexural properties of glass and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Proc Instit Mech Eng, Part L: J Mater Design Appl 227(4):308–317
Dong C, Davies IJ (2014) Flexural and tensile strengths of unidirectional hybrid epoxy composites reinforced by S-2 glass and T700S carbon fibres. Mater Des 54:955–966
Dong C, Davies IJ (2014) Flexural and tensile moduli of unidirectional hybrid epoxy composites reinforced by S-2 glass and T700S carbon fibres. Mater Des 54:893–899
Dong C, Davies IJ (2015) Flexural strength of bidirectional hybrid epoxy composites reinforced by E glass and T700S carbon fibres. Compos Part B 72:65–71
Sudarisman, Dong C, , and I.J. Davies, Flexural properties of E glass and TR50S carbon fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. J Mater Eng Perform, 2013. 22(1): p. 41–49
Marom G et al (1978) Hybrid effects in composites: conditions for positive or negative effects versus rule-of-mixtures behaviour. J Mater Sci 13(7):1419–1426
Pandya KS, Veerraju C, Naik NK (2011) Hybrid composites made of carbon and glass woven fabrics under quasi-static loading. Mater Des 32(7):4094–4099
Giancaspro JW, Papakonstantinou CG, Balaguru PN (2010) Flexural response of inorganic hybrid composites with E-glass and carbon fibers. J Eng Mater Technol 132(2):021005–021005-8
Muñoz R et al (2014) Mechanical behavior and failure micromechanisms of hybrid 3D woven composites in tension. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 59:93–104
Yu H et al (2015) Pseudo-ductility in intermingled carbon/glass hybrid composites with highly aligned discontinuous fibres. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 73:35–44
Miwa M, Horiba N (1994) Effects of fibre length on tensile strength of carbon/glass fibre hybrid composites. J Mater Sci 29(4):973–977
Dorigato A, Pegoretti A (2014) Flexural and impact behaviour of carbon/basalt fibers hybrid laminates. J Compos Mater 48(9):1121–1130
Valença SL et al (2015) Evaluation of the mechanical behavior of epoxy composite reinforced with Kevlar plain fabric and glass/Kevlar hybrid fabric. Compos Part B 70:1–8
Ary Subagia IDG et al (2014) Effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties of hybrid composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers. Compos Part B 58:251–258
Swolfs Y et al (2014) Tensile behaviour of intralayer hybrid composites of carbon fibre and self-reinforced polypropylene. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 59:78–84
Taketa I et al (2010) Interply hybrid composites with carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene and self-reinforced polypropylene. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 41(8):927–932
Herakovich CT (1981) On the relationship between engineering properties and delamination of composite materials. J Compos Mater 15(4):336–348
Pagano NJ, Pipes RB (1971) The influence of stacking sequence on laminate strength. J Compos Mater 5(1):50–57
Kalantari M, Dong C, Davies IJ (2016) Numerical investigation of the hybridisation mechanism in fibre reinforced hybrid composites subjected to flexural load. Compos Part B 102:100–111
Jalalvand M, Czél G, Wisnom MR (2014) Numerical modelling of the damage modes in UD thin carbon/glass hybrid laminates. Compos Sci Technol 94:39–47
Zhang J et al (2012) Hybrid composite laminates reinforced with glass/carbon woven fabrics for lightweight load bearing structures. Mater Des 36:75–80
Bilyeu B, Brostow W, Menard KP (1999) Epoxy thermosets and their applications I: chemical structures and applications. J Mater Educ 21(5/6):281–286
Mallick PK (1993) Fiber-reinforced composites: materials, manufacturing, and design, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York
Xiao X, Astakhov V, Su T (1999) A study of resin transfer molding process using experimental design method. in Proceedings of ICCM-12. Paris, France
Sudarisman N, Davies IJ (2008) The effects of processing parameters on the flexural properties of unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Mater Sci Eng: A 498(1–2):65–68
ASTM International (2015) Standard test method for flexural properties of polymer matrix composite materials, in ASTM D7264/D7264M-15. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
Czél G, Wisnom MR (2013) Demonstration of pseudo-ductility in high performance glass/epoxy composites by hybridisation with thin-ply carbon prepreg. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 52:23–30
Chou T-W (1992) Microstructural Design of Fiber Composites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Hashin Z (1983) Analysis of composite materials—a survey. J Appl Mech 50(3):481–505
Lo KH, Chim ESM (1992) Compressive strength of unidirectional composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 11(8):838–896
Budiansky B, Fleck NA (1993) Compressive failure of fibre composites. J Mech Phys Solids 41(1):183–211
Bullock RE (1974) Strength ratios of composite materials in flexure and in tension. J Compos Mater 8:200–206
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dong, C., Davies, I.J. Effect of stacking sequence on the flexural properties of carbon and glass fibre-reinforced hybrid composites. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 1, 530–540 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-018-0034-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-018-0034-5