Abstract
Masonry is a prevalent human chronicle substance used all over the globe as it offers significant advantages concerning building execution time, consumption, and costs despite being an engineered material manufactured using naturally occurring resources. In burgeoning countries, in particular India, most of the constructions are forged using masonry materials. As this system is in wide usage around the globe, it is cardinal to have cognition about the emergence of the material and the praxis of the same. The purpose of this paper was to review the evolution of masonry and brick masonry from the Stone Age (4000 BCE and 2000 BCE) to the Meghalayan Age and to discuss the details related to the manufacturing processes, composition, classification, and performance of brick masonry under various conditions including those materials that are in use along with the masonry. An efficient survey conducted concentrating on the significant discoveries and perceptions made by each researcher is introduced. A table contains insights about the strengthening process used, and parameters considered results and main observations for every method.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbas, A. L., & Saeed, M. H. (2017). Representation of the masonry walls techniques by using FEM. Representation of The Masonry Walls Techniques By Using FEM. https://doi.org/10.22587/ajbas.2017.11.13.5.
Abdel-Hafez, L. M., Abouelezz, A. E. Y., & Elzefeary, F. F. (2015). Behavior of masonry strengthened infilled reinforced concrete frames under in-plane load. HBRC Journal, 11(2), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.06.005.
Abdulla, K. F., Cunningham, L. S., & Gillie, M. (2017). Simulating masonry wall behaviour using a simplified micro-model approach. Engineering Structures, 151, 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.021.
Agarwal, P., & Thakkar, S. K. (2004). A comparative study of strengthening and retrofitting measures for unreinforced brick masonry model under cyclic testing. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8(6), 839–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460409350511.
Akhoundi, F., Vasconcelos, G., Lourenço, P., Silva, L. M., Cunha, F., & Fangueiro, R. (2018). In-plane behavior of cavity masonry infills and strengthening with textile reinforced mortar. Engineering Structures, 156, 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.002.
Al-Chaar, G. (2008). Finite element interface modeling and experimental verification of masonry-infilled R/C frames 3D Printing, method of construction for geopolymer soil stablization view project emerging materials for lightweight ferro-cement structural systems view project. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284415010.
Al-Jaberi, Z., Myers, J. J., & Elgawady, M. A. (2019). Experimental and analytical approach for prediction of out-of-plane capacity of reinforced masonry walls strengthened with externally bonded FRP laminate. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000947.
Altin, S., Anil, Ö., Kara, M. E., & Kaya, M. (2008). An experimental study on strengthening of masonry infilled RC frames using diagonal CFRP strips. Composites Part B, Engineering, 39(4), 680–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.06.001.
Altin, S., Anil, Ö., Kopraman, Y., & Belgin, Ç. (2010). Strengthening masonry infill walls with reinforced plaster. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Structures and Buildings, 163(5), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2010.163.5.331.
Alwathaf, A., Thanoon, W., Noorzaei, J., Jaafar, M., & Abdulkadir, M. (2003). Analytical models for different masonry systems: critical review.
Amato, L., Cavaleri, M. (2008). Fossetti, & Papia, M. Infilled frames: influence of vertical load on the equivalent diagonal strut model. The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17 (pp. 05-010). Beijing, China.
Anić, F., Penava, D., Guljaš, I., Sarhosis, V., & Abrahamczyk, L. (2021). Out-of-plane cyclic response of masonry infilled RC frames: an experimental study. Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112258.
Anil, Ö., & Altin, S. (2007). An experimental study on reinforced concrete partially infilled frames. Engineering Structures, 29(3), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.05.011.
Arora, S. P., & Bindra, S. P. (2010). A Textbook of Building Construction.
Aschheim, M., & Abrams, D. (2004). Out-of-plane dynamic response of unreinforced masonry bearing walls attached to flexible diaphragms. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265197391.
Asteris, P. G. (2008). Finite element micro-modeling of infilled frames. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, (8), 2008.
Asteris, P. G., Chrysostomou, C. Z., Giannopoulos, I. P., Frames, I., & Response, S. (2011) Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings. COMPDYN 2011. II ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. M. Papadrakakis, M. Fragiadakis, V. Plevris (eds.), Corfu, Greece, 26–28 May 2011.
Asteris, P. G., Cotsovos, D. M., Chrysostomou, C. Z., Mohebkhah, A., & Al-chaar, G. K. (2013). Mathematical micromodeling of infilled frames: state of the art. Engineering Structures, 56, 1905–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.010.
Author, C., et al. (2009). A study of the effect of infilled brick walls on behavior of eccentrically braced frames using explicit finite elements method. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(1), 96–104.
B. of Indian Standards, “IS 2180 (1988): Specification for heavy duty burnt clay building bricks.”
Babaeidarabad, S., De Caso, F., Nanni, A., & Asce, F. (2013). Out-of-plane behavior of URM walls strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composite. Journal of Composites for Construction, 18(4), 04013057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.
Baghi, H., Oliveira, A., Valença, J., Cavaco, E., Neves, L., & Júlio, E. (2018). Behavior of reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill wall subjected to vertical load. Engineering Structures, 171, 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.001.
Blasi, G., Perrone, D., & Aiello, M. (2018). Fragility functions and floor spectra of RC masonry infilled frames: influence of mechanical properties of masonry infills. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering., 16, 6105–6130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0435-4.
Breiholz, D. C. (2000). Centercore strengthening system for seismic hazard reduction of unreinforced masonry bearing wall buildings. 12WCEE, 319–324.
Bricks and blocks (2019), [Online]. Available: https://www.materialtree.com/bengaluru/blog/porotherm-blocks/.
Caliò, I., & Pantò, B. (2014). A macro-element modelling approach of infilled frame structures. Computers & Structures, 143, 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.07.008.
Cardone, D., & Perrone, G. (2015). Developing fragility curves and loss functions for masonry infill walls. Earthquakes and Structures, 9(1), 257–279. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.1.257.
Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2015). Numerical study of in-plane behaviour and strength of concrete masonry infills with openings. Engineering Structures, 82, 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.042.
Chiou, Y.-J., Tzeng, J.-C., & Liou, Y.-W. (2000). Behaviors of framed masonry walls. 12WCEE, 0037.
Chiozzi, A., & Miranda, E. (2017). Fragility functions for masonry infill walls with in-plane loading. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 46(15), 2831–2850. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2934.
Choudhury, T., & Kaushik, H. B. (2019). Treatment of uncertainties in seismic fragility assessment of RC frames with masonry infill walls. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Enguneering, 126, 105771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105771.
Chuang, S. W., & Zhuge, Y. (2005). Seismic retrofitting of unreinforced masonry buildings—a literature review. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 6(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2005.11464942.
Chungman, K., Eunjong, Y., & Minjae, K. (2016). Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames with different masonry wall thickness subjected to in-plane loading. Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea, 29(1), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2016.29.1.85.
Crisafulli, F. J., Carr, A. J., & Park, R. (2000). Analytical modelling of infilled frame structures—a general review. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering., 33(1), 30–47.
Curbach, M. & Jesse, F. (2018). High-performance textile-reinforced concrete. Structural Engineering International 4(99), 289–291.
D’Ambra, C., Lignola, G. P., Prota, A., Sacco, E., & Fabbrocino, F. (2018). Experimental performance of FRCM retrofit on out-of-plane behaviour of clay brick walls. Composites Part B, Engineering, 148, 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.062.
da Porto, F., Donà, M., Verlato, N., & Guidi, G. (2020). Experimental testing and numerical modeling of robust unreinforced and reinforced clay masonry infill walls, with and without openings. Front. Built Environ. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.591985.
Date, P. (2009) UC San Diego analytical and experimental study of seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames infilled with masonry walls.
Dautaj, A. D., & Kabashi, N. (2018). Proposed analysis model for infilled reinforced concrete frames. Structures and Buildings, 172, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.17.00155.
Dautaj, A. D., Muriqi, A., Krasniqi, C., & Shatri, B. (2019). Shear resistance of masonry panel in infilled RC frames. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, 11(2), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-0223-7.
De Angelis, A., & Pecce, M. R. (2018). Out-of-plane structural identification of a masonry infill wall inside beam-column RC frames. Engineering Structures, 173, 546–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.072.
De Risi, M. T., Del Gaudio, C., Ricci, P., & Verderame, G. M. (2018). In-plane behaviour and damage assessment of masonry infills with hollow clay bricks in RC frames. Engineering Structures, 168, 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.065.
Del Gaudio, C., et al. (2019). Empirical fragility curves for masonry buildings after the 2009 L’Aquila, Italy, earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(11), 6301–6330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00683-4.
Del Gaudio, C., Risi, M. T. D., Ricci, P., & Verderame, G. (2019). Empirical drift-fragility functions and loss estimation for infills in reinforced concrete frames under seismic loading. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0501-y.
Deng, H., & Sun, B. (2016). Finite element modeling and mechanical behavior of masonry-infilled RC frame. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 10(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010076.
Doherty, K., Rodolico, B., Nelson, L., Wilson, J., & Griffith, M. C. (2000). The modelling of earthquake induced collapse of unreinforced masonry walls combining force and displacement principals. 12WCEE.
Di Domenico, M., De Risi, M. T., Ricci, P., Verderame, G. M., & Manfredi, G. (2021). Empirical prediction of the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction effects in clay brick unreinforced masonry infill walls. Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111438.
Di Domenico, M., Ricci, P., & Verderame, G. M. (2020). Experimental assessment of the influence of boundary conditions on the out-of-plane response of unreinforced masonry infill walls. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 24(6), 881–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1453411.
Di Trapani, F., Malavisi, M., Shing, P. B., & Cavaleri, L. (2020). Modelling failure analysis of RC frame structures with masonry infills under sudden column losses, The 1st Mediterranean Conference on Fracture and Structural Integrity, MedFract1. Procedia Structural Integrity 26, 393–401 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003098508-134.
Doherty, K., Griffith, M. C., Lam, N., & Wilson, J. (2002). Displacement-based seismic analysis for out-of-plane bending of unreinforced masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 31(4), 833–850. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.126.
Dolatshahi, K. M., & Aref, A. J. (2015) Computational, Analytical, and Experimental Modeling of Masonry Structures. [Online]. Available: http://mceer.buffalo.edu.
Dolatshahi, K. M., Aref, A. J., Whittaker, A. S., Dolatshahi, K. M., Aref, A. J., & Interaction, A. S. W. (2015). Interaction curves for in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors of unreinforced masonry walls interaction curves for in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors of unreinforced masonry walls. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 19(1), 60–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.946571.
Drysdale’, R. G. & Essawy A. S. (1988). Out-of-plane bending of concrete block walls. Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(1), 121–133.
Edri, I. E., & Yankelevsky, D. Z. (2017). An analytical model for the out-of-plane response of URM walls to different lateral static loads. Engineering Structures, 136, 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.001.
Ehsani, B. M. R., Saadatmanesh, H., Velazquez-Dimas, J. I. (1999). Behavior of retrofitted URM walls under simulated earthquake loading. Journal of Composites for Construction, 3(3), 134–142.
El-Dakhakhni, W. W., Elgaaly, M., & Hamid, A. A. (2003). Three-strut model for concrete masonry-infilled steel frames. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 129(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2003)129:2(177).
Elgawady, M. (2004). Seismic in-plane behavior of URM walls upgraded with composites. 3111, 187.
Elouali, T. (2008). Effect of infill masonry panels on the seismic response offrame buildings. 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (14WCEE).
Elsanadedy, H. M., Al-Salloum, Y. A., Al-Zaheri, Z. M., Alsayed, S. H., & Abbas, H. (2016). Behavior and design aspects of FRP-strengthened URM walls under out-of-plane loading. Journal of Composites for Construction, 20(6), 04016048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000695.
Eng, C. J. C., Varela-rivera, J., Moreno-herrera, J., Fernandez-baqueiro, L., Freyre-pinto, C. (2019). Out-of-plane behavior of confined masonry walls. 1–28.
EQ05 - IS 1893 - Code & Commentary IS 1893-(Part 1). Document Number - IITK-GSDMA-EQ05-V4.0 FINAL REPORTS-A - Earthquake Codes IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes.
Erdem, I., Akyuz, U., Ersoy, U., & Ozcebe, G. (2006). An experimental study on two different strengthening techniques for RC frames. Engineering Structures, 28(13), 1843–1851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.03.010.
Evolution of Glass as an Architectural Material (2017), [Online]. Available: http://www.iceboatstudio.com/blogs/evolution-glass-architectural-material/.
Fagone, M., & Ranocchiai, G. (2018). Experimental investigation on out-of-plane behavior of masonry panels strengthened with CFRP sheets. Composites Part B, Engineering, 150(March), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.05.031.
Fajfar, P. (2008). The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame — a deterministic assessment Matjaˇ. Engineering Structures, 30(2008), 1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.01.001.
Fiore, A., Netti, A., & Monaco, P. (2012). The influence of masonry infill on the seismic behaviour of RC frame buildings. Engineering Structures, 44, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.023.
Furtado, A., Rodrigues, H., Arêde, A., & Varum, H. (2018). Out-of-plane behavior of masonry infilled RC frames based on the experimental tests available: a systematic review. Construction and Building Materials, 168, 831–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.129.
Gattesco, N., & Boem, I. (2015). Experimental and analytical study to evaluate the effectiveness of an in-plane reinforcement for masonry walls using GFRP meshes. Construction and Building Materials, 88, 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.014.
Gattesco, N., & Boem, I. (2017). Out-of-plane behavior of reinforced masonry walls: experimental and numerical study. Composites Part B, Engineering, 128, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.006.
Gautam, D. (2018). Observational fragility functions for residential stone masonry buildings in Nepal. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(10), 4661–4673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0372-2.
Gautam, D., Adhikari, R., & Rupakhety, R. (2021). Seismic fragility of structural and non-structural elements of Nepali RC buildings. Engineering Structures, 232, 111879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111879.
Grubišić, M., Kalman Šipoš, T., Sigmund, V. (2013). Seismic fragility assessment of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames. In Skopje Earthquake—50 Years European Earthquake Engineering. pp. 8.
Grubišić, M., & Sigmund, V. (2014). Experimental studies of single bay RC frames with strengthened masonry infill sensitivity analysis of masonry on variating strength of its constituents view project FRAme-MAsonry composites for modelling and standardization FRAMA (HRZZ-IP-11-2013-3013) View project Experimental studies of single bay RC frames with strengthened masonry infill. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265335926.
Haach, V. G., Vasconcelos, G., & Lourenço, P. B. (2010). Experimental analysis of reinforced concrete block masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, 136, 452–462. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCEST.1943-541X.0000125.
Hak S., Morandi, P., & Magenes, G. (2014). Out-of-plane experimental response of strong masonry infills. Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (2ECEES) was organized in Istanbul, Turkey, 25-29 August.
Hwee Tan, K., & Patoary, M. K. H. (2004). Strengthening of masonry walls against out-of-plane loads using fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement. Journal of Composites for Construction, 8, 79–87.https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE1090-026820048:179.
Ismail, N., El-Maaddawy, T., & Khattak, N. (2018a). Quasi-static in-plane testing of FRCM strengthened non-ductile reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. Construction and Building Materials, 186, 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.230.
Ismail, N., El-Maaddawy, T., Khattak, N., & Najmal, A. (2018b). In-Plane shear strength improvement of hollow concrete masonry panels using a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. Journal of Composites for Construction, 22(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000835.
Ismail, N., & Ingham, J. M. (2016). In-plane and out-of-plane testing of unreinforced masonry walls strengthened using polymer textile reinforced mortar. Engineering Structures, 118, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.041.
Jaime, G. L., Tommaso, D., Francesco, F., Christian, C., & Carlo, P. (2019). Structural repointing of masonry structures. Key Engineering Materials, 817, 412–420. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.817.412.
Jalaeefar, A., & Zargar, A. (2020). Effect of infill walls on behavior of reinforced concrete special moment frames under seismic sequences. Structures, 28, 766–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.09.029.
Jiang, H., Liu, X., & Mao, J. (2015). Full-scale experimental study on masonry infilled RC moment-resisting frames under cyclic loads. Engineering Structures, 91, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.008.
Jong-Su Jeon, Ji-Hun. (2015). Park and Reginald DesRoches School, Seismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 44, 1783–1803.
Kai, R., Su, L., & Lee, C. (2013). Development of seismic fragility curves for low-rise masonry in fi lled reinforced concrete buildings by a coefficient-based method. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 12(2), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-013-0174-0.
Karimi, A. H., Karimi, M. S., Kheyroddin, A., & Shahkarami, A. A. (2016). Experimental and numerical study on seismic behavior of an infilled masonry wall compared to an arched masonry wall. Structures, 8, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2016.09.012.
Kariou, F. A., Triantafyllou, S. P., Bournas, D. A., & Koutas, L. N. (2018). Out-of-plane response of masonry walls strengthened using textile-mortar system. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.026.
Kauffman, A., & Memari, A. (2014). Performance evaluation of different masonry infill walls with structural fuse elements based on in-plane cyclic load testing. Buildings, 4(4), 605–634. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings4040605.
Kaushik, H. B., Rai, D. C., & Jain, S. K. (2008). A rational approach to analytical modeling of masonry infills in reinforced concrete frame buildings. The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12–17, 2008, Beijing, China.
Kaushik, H. B., Rai, D. C., Jain, S. K., & Asce, M. (2007). Stress-strain characteristics of clay brick masonry under uniaxial compression. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(728).
Khalilzadeh Vahidi, E., & Moradi, R. (2019). Numerical study of the force transfer mechanism and seismic behavior of masonry infilled RC frames with windows opening. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091225.
Khan, M. W., Usman, M., Farooq, S. H., Zain, M., & Saleem, S. (2021). Effect of masonry infill on analytical fragility response of RC frame school buildings in high seismic zone. Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, 6(2), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2020.1865624.
Khatiwada, A. & Jiang, H. (2017). Numerical modeling of masonry infilled reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame. Study of an earthquake resilient coupled shear wall View project PhD scholarship and Postdoc Fellowship View project. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320894057.
Kostinakis, K., & Athanatopoulou, A. (2020). Effects of in-plan irregularities caused by masonry infills on the seismic behavior of R/C buildings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 129, 105598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.03.012.
Kostinakis, K., & Athanatopoulou, A. (2020). Effects of in-plan irregularities caused by masonry infills on the seismic behavior of R/C buildings. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.03.012.
Koutas, L. N., & Bournas, D. A. (2019). Out-of-plane strengthening of masonry-infilled RC frames with textile-reinforced mortar jackets. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000911.
Koutromanos, I., Stavridis, A., Shing, P. B., & Willam, K. (2011). Numerical modeling of masonry-infilled RC frames subjected to seismic loads. Computers and Structures, 89(11–12), 1026–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.01.006.
Kumar, N., Amirtham, R., & Pandey, M. (2014). Plasticity based approach for failure modelling of unreinforced masonry. Engineering Structures, 80, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.08.021.
Kuzik, M. D., Elwi, A. E., & Cheng, J. J. R. (2003). Cyclic flexure tests of masonry walls reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets. Journal of Composites for Construction, 7, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE1090-026820037:120.
Sinha, B. P., Loftus, M. D., Temple, R. (1979). Lateral strength of model brickwork panels, Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs, Part 2. , 67, Mar 191-197
Leal, G. J. M., Pérez Gavilán, J. J., Castorena, G. J. H., & Velázquez, D. J. I. (2017). Infill walls with confining elements and horizontal reinforcement: An experimental study. Engineering Structures, 150, 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.042.
Liberatore, L., & AlShawa, O. (2021). On the application of the yield-line method to masonry infills subjected to combined in-plane and out-of-plane loads. Structures, 32, 1287–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.03.044.
Liberatore, L., AlShawa, O., Marson, C., Pasca, M., & Sorrentino, L. (2020). Out-of-plane capacity equations for masonry infill walls accounting for openings and boundary conditions. Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110198.
Liberatore, L., Noto, F., Mollaioli, F., & Franchin, P. (2018). In-plane response of masonry infill walls: comprehensive experimentally-based equivalent strut model for deterministic and probabilistic analysis. Engineering Structures, 167, 533–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.057.
Lin, K., Totoev, Y. Z., Liu, H., & Guo, T. (2016). In-plane behaviour of a reinforcement concrete frame with a dry stack masonry panel. Materials, 9, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020108.
Liu, C., Nong, X., Zhang, F., Quan, Z., & Bai, G. (2019). Experimental study on the seismic performance of recycled concrete Hollow Block Masonry Walls. Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204336.
Lu, X., & Zha, S. (2021). Full-scale experimental investigation of the in-plane seismic performance of a novel resilient infill wall. Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111826.
Madan, B. A., Reinhorn, A. M., Mander, J. B., & Valles, R. E. (1997). Modeling of masonry infill panels for structural analysis. Journal of Structural Engineering, 123, 1295–1302.
Maheri, M. R., Khajeheian, M. K., & Vatanpour, F. (2019). In-plane seismic retrofitting of hollow concrete block masonry walls with RC layers. Structures, 20, 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.05.008.
Maidiawati, & Sanada, Y. (2017). R/C frame–infill interaction model and its application to Indonesian buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46(2), 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2787.
Mallick, D., & Garg, R. P. (1971). Effect of openings on the lateral stiffness of infilled frames. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 79371, 193-209.
Sadeghi Marzaleh, A. (2015). Seismic in-plane behavior of post-tensioned existing clay brick masonry walls. ETH Zurich. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010573660.
Mazza, F., & Donnici, A. (2018). ScienceDirect nonlinear modelling of the in-plane-out-of-plane interaction in the Nonlinear modelling of the in-plane-out-of-plane interaction in the seismic conference masonry buildings XV Portuguese of masonry infills in R. Procedia Structural Integrity, 11, 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.029.
Mbewe, P. B. K., & van Zijl, G. P. A. G. (2019). Characterization of Equivalent Struts for Macromodeling of Infilled Masonry RC Frames Subjected to Lateral Load. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 145(5), 04019035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002316.
Mehrabi, A. B., & Benson Shing, P. (2003). Seismic Analysis of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames, Computers and Structures. TMS Journal, 30(3), 457-464.
Meillyta. (2012). The Proceedings of 2nd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University 2012 & 8th IMT-GT Uninet Biosciences Conference Banda Aceh, 22-24 November 2012, Volume 2 Number 2, 2012.
Miglietta, P. C., Bentz, E. C., & Grasselli, G. (2017). Finite/discrete element modelling of reversed cyclic tests on unreinforced masonry structures. Engineering Structures, 138, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.019.
Milani, G., Lourenço, P., & Tralli, A. (2006). Homogenization approach for the limit analysis of out-of-plane loaded masonry walls. Journal of the Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, 132(10), 1650–1663. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1650).
Moacyr, G., & Alva, S. (2021). Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete buildings with participating masonry infills. Revista IBRACON De Estruturas e Materiais, 14(3), e14315. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952021000300015.
Mohamed, F., & Rom, X. (2002). The 16th European Conference On Earthquake Engineering, Thessalonki, 18–21 June 2018, Pages 1–10.
Mohyeddin, A., Goldsworthy, H. M., & Gad, E. F. (2013). FE modelling of RC frames with masonry infill panels under in-plane and out-of-plane loading. Engineering Structures, 51, 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.012.
Mohyeddin-kermani, A. (2011). Modelling and Performance of RC frames with masonry infill under in-plane and out-of-plane loading. Thesis.
Moretti, M. L. (2015). Seismic design of masonry and reinforced concrete infilled frames: a comprehensive overview. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 8(4), 748–766. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2015.748.766.
Mosalam, K. M., & Günay. (2017). Behavior and modeling of reinforced concrete sa ne m sc pl o e -e c ol pl o e -E.
Murty, C. V. R., & Jain, S. K. (2000). Beneficial Influence of Masonry Infill Walls on Seismic Performance of Rc Frame Buildings. In Twelfth World Conf. Earthq. Eng. pp. 1–6.
. Naaman, A. E. (2010). Textile reinforced cement composites: competitive status and research directions.
Nale, M., Minghini, F., Chiozzi, A., & Tralli, A. (2021). Fragility functions for local failure mechanisms in unreinforced masonry buildings: a typological study in Ferrara, Italy. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 6049–6079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01199-6.
Nasiri, E. (2019). Experimental and numerical study of the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of unreinforced masonry infills bounded by RC frames. Thesis, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, June 2019.
Nasiri, E., & Liu, Y. (2017). Development of a detailed 3D FE model for analysis of the in-plane behaviour of masonry infilled concrete frames. Engineering Structures, 143, 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.049.
Nasiri, E., & Liu, Y. (2019). The out-of-plane behaviour of concrete masonry infills bounded by reinforced concrete frames. Engineering Structures, 184, 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.098.
Nasiri, E., & Liu, Y. (2020). Effect of prior in-plane damage on the out-of-plane performance of concrete masonry infills. Engineering Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111149.
Nassirpour, A., & D’Ayala, D. (2014). Fragility analysis of mid-rise masonry infilled steel frame (MISF) structures. In Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. pp. 1–12.
Nazief, M. A. (2014). Fiinite element characterization of the behaviour of masonry infill shear walls with and without openings. Thesis, pp. 1-24.
Niasar, A. N., Alaee, F. J., & Zamani, S. M. (2020). Experimental investigation on the performance of unreinforced masonry wall, retrofitted using engineered cementitious composites. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117788.
Niu, L. H., Zheng, S. S., & Li, L. (2020). Experimental study on the seismic behavior of masonry walls under offshore environment. Structures, 28, 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.08.064.
Nyunn, S., Wang, F., Yang, J., Feng Liu, Q., Azim, I., & Bhatta, S. (2020). Numerical studies on the progressive collapse resistance of multi-story RC buildings with and without exterior masonry walls. Structures, 28, 1050–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.049.
Chiou, Y. -J., Tzeng, J. -C., & Liou, Y. -W. (2000). Behavior of framed masonry wall. Proc. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, p. 1-7, 0037.
Padalu, P. K. V. R., Singh, Y., & Das, S. (2018). Experimental investigation of out-of-plane behaviour of URM wallettes strengthened using welded wire mesh. Construction and Building Materials, 190, 1133–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.176.
Pantò, B., Silva, L., Vasconcelos, G., & Lourenço, P. B. (2019). Macro-modelling approach for assessment of out-of-plane behavior of brick masonry infill walls. Engineering Structures, 181, 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.019.
Papanicolaou, C. G., Triantafillou, T. C., Papathanasiou, M., & Karlos, K. (2008). Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: out-of-plane cyclic loading. Material and Structure Construction, 41(1), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9226-0.
Papanicolaou, C. G., Triantafillou, T. C., Papathanasiou, M., & Karlos, K. (2008). Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: out-of-plane cyclic loading. Material and Structures Construction, 41(1), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9226-0.
Pasca, M., Liberatore, L., & Masiani, R. (2017). Reliability of analytical models for the prediction of out-of-plane capacity of masonry infills. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 64(6), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.64.6.765.
Pohoryles, D. A., & Bournas, D. A. (2020). Seismic retrofit of infilled RC frames with textile reinforced mortars: state-of-the-art review and analytical modelling. Composite Part B, 183, 107702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107702.
Pourfalah, S., & Cotsovos, D. M. (2020). Enhancing the out-of-plane behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls under impact loading through the use of partially bonded layers of engineered cementitious composite. International Journal of Protective Structures, 11(2), 209–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041419619866457.
Pradhan, B. (2018). Macro-element modelling of unreinforced masonry infill wall with openings under seismic action. Thesis. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26776.01287.
Pradhan, B., Cavaleri, L., Sarhosis, V., & Ferrotto, M. F. (2021). Generation of out-of-plane fragility functions for in-plane damaged unreinforced masonry infills”. COMPDYN Proc. https://doi.org/10.7712/120121.8536.19549.
Priestley, M., & Kowalsky, M. (2000). Direct displacement-based seismic design of concrete buildings. Bulletin, NZSEE, 33. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.4.421-444”.
Rahgozar, A., & Hosseini, A. (2017). Experimental and numerical assessment of in-plane monotonic response of ancient mortar brick masonry. Construction and Building Materials, 155, 892–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.079.
Rai, N. K., Reddy, G. R., & Venkatraj, V. (2011). Effectiveness of multiple TSWDs for seismic response control of masonry-infilled RC framed structures. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 48(2–4), 85–101.
Doherty, K., Rodolico, B., Lam, N. T. K., Wilson, J. L. & Friffth, M. C. (1985). The modelling of earthquake induced collapse of unreinforced masonry walls combining force and displacement principals. 12WCEE.
Saneinejad, A. Hobbs, B. (1995). Inelastic design of infilled frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 121, 634–650.
Sassun, K., Sullivan, T. J., Morandi, P., & Cardone, D. (2016). Characterising the in-plane seismic performance of infill masonry. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 49(1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.98-115.
Shawkat, S. A., Rahman, A. A. A. (2017). Influence of adding infill walls on the behavior of R.C. frames during earthquakes. [Online]. Available: http://www.ripublication.com.
Shermi, C., & Dubey, R. N. (2017). Study on out-of-plane behaviour of unreinforced masonry strengthened with welded wire mesh and mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 143, 104–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.002.
Shodhganga, Chapter - 1, Anna University, Chennai - 600025.
Shrivastava R., & Gupta U., & Choubey, U. B. (2009). FRP : research, education and application in india and China in civil engineering. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 1(6).
Sigmund, V., Zovkić, J., & Sigmund, Z. (2010). Experimental tests of R/C frames with masonry infill. 14ecee, Pages 484.
Singh, N., & Verma, V. K. (2015). Seismic evaluation of RC frame with brick masonry infill walls. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308, Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org.
Šipoš, T. K., Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Miličević, I., & Grubišić, M. (2018). Structural performance levels for masonry infilled frames. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325908891.
Sobaih, M., & Abdin, M. M. (1988). Seismic analysis of infilled reinforced concrete frames. Computers & Structures, 30(3), 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(88)90278-7.
Stavridis, A., & Shing, P. B. (2010). Finite-element modeling of nonlinear behavior of masonry-infilled RC frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 136, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCEST.1943-541X.116.
Su, R. K. L., & Lee, C. L. (2013). Development of seismic fragility curves for low-rise masonry infilled reinforced concrete buildings by a coefficient-based method. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 12(2), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-013-0174-0.
Rodrigues, H., Varum, H., Costa, A. (2010). Journal of earthquake engineering simplified macro-model for infill masonry panels simplified macro-model for infill masonry panels. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 14, 390–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460903086044.
The History of Bricks and Brickmaking (2017), [Online]. Available: https://brickarchitecture.com/about-brick/why-brick/the-history-of-bricks-brickmaking.
The Iron Bridge. (construction started in 1777, ended in 1781). Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge.
Thirumurugan, V., Satyanarayanan, K. S., Ganesan, T. P., Lakshmipathy, M., & Thirumurugan, V. (2015) Experimental studies on the effects of different interface materials on the behaviour of infilled frames. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316990338.
Torrisi, G. S., Crisafulli, F. J. (2011). An innovative model for the in-plane nonlinear analysis of confined masonry and infilled frame structures A.Pavese. Available: http://www.confinedmasonry.org/.
Verderame, G. M., Balsamo, A., Ricci, P., Di Domenico, M., & Maddaloni, G. (2019). Experimental assessment of the out-of-plane response of strengthened one-way spanning masonry infill walls. Composite Structures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111503.
Wang, G., Li, Y., Zheng, N., & Ingham, J. M. (2017). Testing and modelling the in-plane seismic response of clay brick masonry walls with boundary columns made of precast concrete interlocking blocks. Engineering Structures, 131, 513–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.035.
Wang, X., Zhao, W., Kong, J., & Zhao, T. (2020). Numerical investigation on the influence of in-plane damage on the out-of-plane behavior of masonry infill walls. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020, Article ID 6276803, 16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6276803.
Xie, X., Zhang, L., & Qu, Z. (2020). A critical review of methods for determining the damage states for the in-plane fragility of masonry infill walls. Journal of Earthquake Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1835749.
Yekrangnia, M., & Asteris, P. G. (2020). Multi-strut macro-model for masonry infilled frames with openings. Journal of Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101683.
Yuen, Y. P., & Kuang, J. S. (2014). Masonry-infilled RC frames subjected to combined in-plane and out-of-plane loading. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 14(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455413500661.
Yuen, Y. P., & Kuang, J. S. (2015). Nonlinear seismic responses and lateral force transfer mechanisms of RC frames with different infill configurations. Engineering Structures, 91, 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.031.
Zhai, C., Kong, J., & Wang, X. (2012). A finite element model for simulating out-of-plane behavior of masonry infilled RC frames. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 166–169, 849–852. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.166-169.849.
Zovkić, J., Sigmund, V., & Guljaš, I. (2013). Cyclic testing of a single bay reinforced concrete frames with various types of masonry infil. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 42, 1131–1149. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2263.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, for this research work's financial and moral support.
Funding
This work was supported by Birla Institute of Technology and Science.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by JKB, and DB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by JKB, KJ and AS and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhaskar, J.K., Bhunia, D., Karthik, J. et al. A state-of-the-art review on the evolution of performance of masonry infill walls under lateral loadings. Asian J Civ Eng 23, 973–1028 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00446-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00446-8