Abstract
The current study assesses the electrochemical impedance behavior of binary and ternary concrete mixtures containing natural zeolite and copper slag as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). To this aim, several mixtures were made by replacing up to 30% by weight of Portland cement with natural zeolite or a combination of natural zeolite and copper slag. A test setup was made and suitable equivalent circuits were used to measure the electrochemical behavior of reinforced concrete specimens. Strength and transport properties of these mixtures were also measured. The results of this study revealed considerable improvement in the polarization resistance of steel–concrete interface and corrosion rate of reinforcement by use of natural zeolite and copper slag. The corrosion rate was reduced by almost 65% when 30% of Portland cement was replaced with supplementary cementitious materials. Transport properties were also improved by inclusion of SCMs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACI 232.1R. (2012). Report on the use of raw or processed natural pozzolans in concrete. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, MI 48331-3439 USA
Alonso, M. C., & Andrade, C. (1988). Corrosion of steel reinforcement in carbonated mortar containing chloride. Advances in Cement Research, 1, 155–163.
Andrade, C. (2009). Reinforcement corrosion: research needs, concrete repair, rehabilitation and retrofitting II. London: Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-415-46850-3.
ASTM C1202. (2012). Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. Philadelphia: American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).
ASTM C311. (2013). Standard test methods for sampling and testing fly ash or natural pozzolans for use in Portland-cement concrete. Philadelphia: American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).
ASTM C876-91. (2015). Standard test method for half-cell potentials on uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete. Philadelphia: American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Bragança, M. O. G. P., Portella, K. F., Bonato, M. M., & Marino, C. E. B. (2014). Electrochemical impedance behavior of mortar subjected to a sulfate environment—a comparison with chloride exposure models. Construction and Building Materials, 68, 650–658.
Crentsil, K. K. S., Glasser, F. P., & Irvine, J. T. S. (1992). Electrochemical characteristics of reinforced concrete corrosion as determined by impedance spectroscopy. British Corrosion Journal, 27, 113–318.
Deus, J. M., Díaz, B., Freire, L., & Nóvoa, X. R. (2014). The electrochemical behaviour of steel rebars in concrete: an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of the effect of temperature. Electrochimica Acta, 131, 106–115.
Feliu, V., Gonzalez, J. A., Andrade, C., & Feliu, S. (1998). Equivalent circuit for modelling the steel concrete interface, ii experimental evidence and theoretical predictions. Corrosion Science, 39(5), 975–993.
Gerengi, H., Kocak, Y., Jazdzewska, A., Kurtay, M., & Durgun, H. (2013). Electrochemical investigations on the corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel in diatomite- and zeolite-containing concrete exposed to sulphuric acid. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 471–477.
Gjørv, O. E. (2009). Durability design of concrete structures in severe environments. Bengaluru: CRC Press.
Gu, P., Elliott, S., Hristova, R., Beaudoin, J. J., Brousseau, R. J., & Baldock, B. (1997). A study of corrosion inhibitor performance in chloride contaminated concrete by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. ACI Materials Journal, 94(5), 385–394.
Hachani, L., Carpio, J., Fiaud, C., Raharinaivo, A., & Triki, E. (1992). Steel corrosion in concrete deteriorated by chlorides and sulphates: electrochemical study using impedance spectrometry and stepping down the current method. Cement and Concrete Research, 22, 56–66.
Jamil, H. E., Shriri, A., Boulif, R., Montemor, M. F., & Ferreira, M. G. S. (2005). Corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel exposed to an amino alcohol based corrosion inhibitor. Cement & Concrete Composites, 27, 671–678.
Jamshidi, M., Najimi, M., & Pourkhorshidi, A. R. (2009). Investigation on expansion of mortars containing tuff natural pozzolan due to sulfate attack. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing), 10(6), 667–679.
John, D. G., Searson, P. C., & Dawson, J. L. (1981). Use of AC impedance technique in studies on steel in concrete in immersed conditions. Br Corros J, 16(2), 102–106.
Law, D. W., Cairns, J., Millard, S. G., & Bungey, J. H. (2004). Measurement of loss of steel from reinforcing bars in concrete using linear polarisation resistance measurements. NDT&E International, 37, 381–388.
MacDonald DD, EL-Tantawy YA, Rocha-Filho RC, Urquide-Macdonald M (1991), Evaluation of electrochemical techniques for detecting corrosion on rebar in reinforced concrete. National Research Council, Washington DC, SHARP-ID/UFR-91–524, Vol 1, Summary Report
Najimi, M., Jamshidi, M., & Pourkhorshidi, A. R. (2008). Durability of concretes containing natural pozzolan. Construction Materials, 161(3), 113–118.
Najimi, M., & Pourkhorshidi, A. R. (2011). Properties of concrete containing copper-slag-waste. Magazine of Concrete Research, 63(8), 605–615.
Najimi, M., Sobhani, J., Ahmadi, B., & Shekarchi, M. (2012). An experimental study on durability properties of concrete containing zeolite as a highly reactive natural pozzolan. Construction and Building Materials, 35, 1023–1033.
Najimi, M., Sobhani, J., & Pourkhorshidi, A. R. (2011). Durability of copper slag contained concrete exposed to sulfate attack. Construction and Building Materials, 25(4), 1895–1905.
Poupard, O., Mokhtar, A. A., & Dumargue, P. (2004). Corrosion by chlorides in reinforced concrete: determination of chloride concentration threshold by impedance spectroscopy. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(6), 991–1000.
Rodrı́guez-Camacho, R. E., & Uribe-Afif, R. (2002). Importance of using the natural pozzolans on concrete durability. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(12), 1851–1858.
Sail, L., Ghomari, F., Khelidj, A., Bezzar, A., & Benali, O. (2013). The effect of phosphate corrosion inhibitor on steel in synthetic concrete solutions. Advances in Material Research, 2(3), 155–172.
Silva, P., & de Brito, J. (2013). Electrical resistivity and capillarity of self-compacting concrete with incorporation of fly ash and limestone filler. Advances in Concrete Construction, 1(1), 65–84.
Sobhani, J., & Najimi, M. (2013). Electrochemical impedance behavior and transport properties of silica fume contained concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 910–918.
Song, G. (2000). Equivalent circuit model for AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 1723–1730.
Valipour, M., Pargar, F., Shekarchi, M., & Khani, S. (2013). Comparing a natural pozzolan, zeolite, to metakaolin and silica fume in terms of their effect on the durability characteristics of concrete: a laboratory study. Construction and Building Materials, 41, 879–888.
Washington, P. S., Karlaftis, G. M., & Mannering, L. F. (2010). Statistical and econometric methods for transportation data analysis (2nd ed ed.). Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
ASTM C618. (2012). Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. Philadelphia: American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Zou, Y., Wang, J., & Zheng, Y. Y. (2011). Electrochemical techniques for determining corrosion rate of rusted steel in seawater. Corrosion Science, 53, 208–216.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Najimi, M., Sobhani, J. & Pourkhorshidi, A. Electrochemical impedance behavior of concrete containing natural zeolite and copper slag. Asian J Civ Eng 20, 847–855 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00149-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00149-7