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Soybean Yield and Soil Physical Properties as Affected by Long-Term Tillage Systems and Liming in Southern Brazil

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Abstract

Conservation agriculture (CA) is an important aspect of the sustainable management of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in production systems. This work evaluated the effects of soil management systems (SMS) combined with liming performed in 1986 and in 2008 on soil physical properties and soybean yield. The study used data from the 2008/09 until the 2015/16 soybean crop seasons from a long-term experiment settled in 1986 in Passo Fundo, southern Brazil. A split-plot design was used with the SMS as the main plots arranged in randomized blocks, and the cropping systems as the sub-plots randomized within SMS. The experiment evaluated the effects of four annually performed SMS: no-tillage (NT) and reduced-tillage (RT) (i.e. two CA systems), disk ploughing + disk harrowing (DPD) and moldboard ploughing + disk harrowing (MPD) [i.e. two conventional tillage (CT) systems]. Soil bulk density (ρs) and total, micro and macro porosities (φtotal, φmicro and φmacro) were evaluated in 2008 and in 2016 in the 0‒2.5 cm (L0 − 2.5) and 10‒12.5 cm (L10 − 12.5) soil layers. After 22 years of the beginning of the experiment and compared with the undisturbed soil (from a native forest area near to the experiment), all SMS increased ρs by an average of 28% in the L0 − 2.5 and 25% in the L10 − 12.5, decreased φtotal by 13% (except for NT) in the L0 − 2.5 and 17% in the L10 − 12.5, and decreased φmacro by 36% in the L10 − 12.5; moreover the CT systems decreased φmicro by 8.7% and 8.1% in the L0 − 2.5 and L10 − 12.5, respectively. At the end of this 22-year period, in the L0 − 2.5, ρs increased by 6% from NT to RT, and by 11% from NT to CT systems; φtotal decreased by 4%, and φmicro increased by 9% from NT to the other SMS. From 2008 to 2016, liming combined with each SMS modified soil properties in distinct manners: the combination increased ρs by 6% in NT (L0 − 2.5) and 5% in MPD (L10 − 12.5), decreased φtotal by 4% in MPD (L10 − 12.5), increased φmicro in all SMS by an average of 6% (L10 − 12.5), and reduced φmacro by an average of 24% in CT systems (L10 − 12.5). Soybean yield was more variable as function of growing season (average from 1866 to 4449 kg ha− 1) as compared to SMS treatment [average from 3088 kg ha− 1 (DPD) to 3276 kg ha− 1 (NT)]. Considering a global analysis of the eight crop seasons, soybean yield in NT was on average 6% greater than that of DPD, but NT grain yield was similar to RT and MPD systems. No-tillage favored soybean yield in higher yielding environments, while DPD had the greatest soybean yield and adaptability in lower yielding environments. These findings suggest that the NT system outperformed the other SMS by providing greater or similar soybean yields and being the least harmful to soil physical quality as compared to the undisturbed soil.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CA:

Conservation agriculture

CT:

Conventional tillage systems

DPD:

Disk ploughing + disk harrowing

MPD:

Moldboard ploughing + disk harrowing

NT:

No-tillage

RT:

Reduced-tillage

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SMS:

Soil management systems

US:

Undisturbed soil

ρs :

Soil bulk density

φmacro :

Soil macroporosity

φmicro :

Soil microporosity

φtotal :

Soil total porosity

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Evandro Ademir Lampert, Cedenir Medeiros Scheer, Itamar Pacheco do Amarante, Luiz Carlos André Katzwinkel, and Luiz Vilson de Oliveira for their field technical support; Ana Maria Vargas, Amauri Colet Verdi, Maiara Fiorentin, and Natália Prezoto for their support in soil sampling and soybean yield evaluations; and statistician Marcio Nicolau for his guidance on statistical analysis. We also are grateful to Dr Sirio Wiethölter for the soil physical analyzes performed in the Laboratory of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition at the National Wheat Research Center (Embrapa Trigo). This work was approved for publication by the Editorial Board of the Embrapa Trigo.

Funding

This work was funded by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – Embrapa), under grant SEG–03.13.00.040, as part of the ‘Carbon Stocks in Soil and Dynamics of Greenhouse Gases in Different Types of Soil Management and Crop Rotation in Southern Brazil’ project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Wheat Research Center (Embrapa Trigo), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, PO Box 3081, 99050‒970, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil

    Sérgio Ricardo Silva, Henrique Pereira dos Santos, Anderson Santi & Renato Serena Fontaneli

  2. Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Bld., 1712 Claflin Rd, 66506, Manhattan, KS, USA

    Rômulo Pisa Lollato

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  1. Sérgio Ricardo Silva
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  2. Henrique Pereira dos Santos
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  3. Rômulo Pisa Lollato
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  4. Anderson Santi
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  5. Renato Serena Fontaneli
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Contributions

Sérgio Ricardo Silva: statistical analysis, graphic design, analysis and interpretation, writing – original draft preparation, writing – review and editing. Henrique Pereira dos Santos: conceptualization, study design, methodology, data acquisition, supervision, validation, funding acquisition. Rômulo Pisa Lollato: visualization, writing – review and editing. Anderson Santi: data acquisition, visualization. Renato Serena Fontaneli: conceptualization, visualization.

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Correspondence to Sérgio Ricardo Silva.

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Silva, S.R., dos Santos, H.P., Lollato, R.P. et al. Soybean Yield and Soil Physical Properties as Affected by Long-Term Tillage Systems and Liming in Southern Brazil. Int. J. Plant Prod. 17, 65–79 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-022-00217-0

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