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Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency Affected by Urea Coated with NBPT Urease Inhibitor and Environmental Conditions in Brazilian Rhodic Oxisols

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Abstract

Urea is the main nitrogen (N) fertilizer used in the wheat crop, but it is susceptible to volatilization losses. These losses can be reduced by urease inhibitors such as N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). This study evaluated wheat yield and N utilization efficiency (NUtE) of the cultivar BRS Gralha-Azul in response to N levels, to urea coated with different levels of NBPT, to the timings of N fertilization, and to environmental conditions experienced in-season in Brazilian Rhodic Oxisols. The experiment was carried out in three environments: Londrina under rainfed and irrigated conditions, and Ponta Grossa under rainfed conditions. Agronomic features related to N plant nutrition and wheat yield were assessed. Environmental conditions determined the effectiveness of N fertilization and NBPT on NUtE and grain yield. In Londrina, irrigation improved the density of fertile spikes and the N concentration and N accumulation in shoot dry matter, which contributed to increase grain yield by 39%. Nitrogen fertilization increased NUtE for shoot dry matter production in all the environments, and reduced NUtE for grain yield only in Londrina under rainfed conditions. NBPT is not effective under acid soil conditions combined with high water availability. Nitrogen fertilizer applied only at sowing may be enough for the spring wheat crop to achieve its yield capacity in subtropical environments. The management of N fertilization and NBPT can be improved if the historical data on environmental features throughout the wheat-growing season are considered. An alternative for increasing grain yield under drought conditions is to improve plant N uptake by increasing the N concentration in the soil solution via N fertilization. The optimal level of NBPT for coating urea depends on the N fertilizer level applied to wheat crop, as well as on the timing of N fertilization. Thus, the most suitable procedure for wheat farmers would be to customize the NBPT level according to their specific environmental conditions and N fertilization management practices, instead of purchasing N fertilizer with a single NBPT level.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Fernando Portugal for his technical field assistance and Dr. Manoel Carlos Bassoi for providing the infrastructure of the experimental field stations at Embrapa Soja. We are also grateful to Dr. Sirio Wiethölter and Marisa Dahmer for the chemical analysis performed in the Laboratory of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition at Embrapa Trigo; to Luziane Franciscon (Embrapa Florestas) and Dr. Eric Batista Ferreira (Universidade Federal de Alfenas) for their support in the statistical analysis; to Rubson Sibaldelli (Agrometeorology Laboratory at Embrapa Soja) for collection and consistency of the meteorological data; to Dr. Cleiton Henrique de Sequeira (Koch Agronomic Services, LLC) for having provided the NBPT urease inhibitor and information concerning product use; and to the Fundação Meridional de Apoio à Pesquisa Agropecuária for having made rural workers available during the sowing, maintenance and harvest phases of the experiments.

Funding

This study was funded by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa), under grant SEG–02.14.10.001, as part of the 'Nitrogen use efficiency and technological quality of wheat grain' project. Additional financial support was provided by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; Finance Code 001), the UENP/PROPG/Editora UENP and the Master's Program in Agronomy (PPAGRO) at State University of Northern Paraná (Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná—UENP).

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  1. Department of Agronomy, State University of Northern Paraná, BR 369, Km 54, Bandeirantes, PR, 86660-000, Brazil

    Letícia Aparecida Ronqui Ferreira & Oriel Tiago Kölln

  2. National Wheat Research Centre (Embrapa Trigo), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, PO Box 3081, Passo Fundo, RS, 99050-970, Brazil

    Sérgio Ricardo Silva

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  1. Letícia Aparecida Ronqui Ferreira
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LARF: investigation, analysis and interpretation, visualization, writing—original draft preparation. SRS: conceptualization, study design, methodology, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, supervision, validation, writing—original draft preparation. OTK: visualization, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Sérgio Ricardo Silva.

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Ferreira, L.A.R., Silva, S.R. & Kölln, O.T. Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency Affected by Urea Coated with NBPT Urease Inhibitor and Environmental Conditions in Brazilian Rhodic Oxisols. Int. J. Plant Prod. 16, 313–328 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-022-00191-7

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