Abstract
This study used ultrasonic aided stir casting to cast composite with aluminum alloy, and the prepared composite materials were characterized by mechanical and microstructural analysis. In this study, micron-sized ceramic particle titanium carbide (TiC) in distinct ratios (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 wt.%) along with 1 wt.% of montmorillonite nanoclay (MN) were reinforced into the matrix of AA1100 alloy. Microstructural analysis shows that the MN and TiC particles are evenly distributed inside the matrix of AA1100, as seen from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Higher porosity is achieved for AA1100 + 1wt.%MN + 18wt.%TiC, which is 43.33% higher than the AA1100 + 1wt.%MN + 15wt.%TiC composite. When compared to the base alloy, the micro-hardness, ultimate tensile strength, flexural and impact strength of the aluminum MMCs increased dramatically with an increase in TiC percentage until 15wt.% of TiC, whereas 18wt.% TiC addition lowers the tensile, flexural, and impact strength by 2.97, 3.54, and 10.33%, respectively, than the addition of 15wt.%TiC. The wear rate of the composite is reduced with the inclusion of solid lubricant MN. With the addition of MN with 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 wt% TiC, the composite shows a further reduction in wear rate of 41.66, 50, 53.57, 55.95, and 59.52%, respectively, compared to the base alloy. The icorr of AA1100 + 1wt.%MN + 15wt.%TiC composite is four times lower than the base alloy, revealing superior corrosion resistance compared to other composites and base alloy. Orowan strengthening mechanism and abrasion and adhesive type wear mechanism are identified as predominant mechanisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
References
Ananda Murthy HC, Kumar Singh S (2015) Influence Of TiC particulate reinforcement on the corrosion behaviour of Al 6061 metal matrix composites. Adv Mater Lett. 6:633–640. https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2015.5654
Arunkumar T, Pavanan V, Murugesan VA, Mohanavel V, Ramachandran K (2022) Influence of nanoparticles reinforcements on aluminium 6061 alloys fabricated via novel ultrasonic aided rheo-squeeze casting method. Met Mater Int 28:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01036-0
Azhagiri P, Senthilkumar N, Palanikumar K, Deepanraj B (2023) Mechanical properties evaluation on hybrid AA6026 composites added with nanoclay and carbon fibers. Carbon Letters 33:833–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00464-9
Chatti S et al (2019) The International Academy for Production Engineering: CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53120-4
Chee SS, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Fouad H (2021) Effects of nanoclay on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of bamboo/kenaf reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Polymers (Basel). 13:395. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030395
Cho S, Lee Y-H, Ko S, Park H, Lee D, Shin S, Jo I, Kim Y, Lee S-B, Lee S-K (2020) Enhanced high-temperature compressive strength of TiC reinforced stainless steel matrix composites fabricated by liquid pressing infiltration process. J Alloys Compd 817:152714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152714
Cho S, Lee J, Shin S, Lee D, Kim M, Kwon H, Choi M, Lee Y-S, Jo I, Hong H-U, Kim J (2023) Enhancing high-temperature properties of stainless steel composite with titanium carbide reinforcement: a study on coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and strength. J Market Res 25:7241–7253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.07.162
Dhanalakshmi S, ShanmugaSundaram K, Tamilarasan T, Rajendran R (2021) The role of ceramic particle loading and the influence of hot extrusion on the tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy-SiCp composites. J Compos Mater 55:687–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320957405
Dhinakarraj CK, Senthilkumar N, Palanikumar K, Deepanraj B (2023) Experimental interrogations on morphologies and mechanical delineation of silicon nitride fortified Mg-Al-Zn alloy composites. Mater Today Commun 35:105731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105731
Doddapaneni S, Sharma S, Shankar MC, Shettar M, Hegde A (2023) Effect of precipitation hardening treatment on hardness and tensile behaviour of stir cast LM4 hybrid composites through TEM and fractography analysis. J Mater Res Technol. 23:1584–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.01.127
Falcon LA, Bedolla B et al (2011) Corrosion behavior of Mg-Al/TiC composites in NaCl solution. IntJ Corrosion. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/896845
Fernández-Silva SD, García-Morales M, Ruffel C, Delgado MA (2021) Influence of the nanoclay concentration and oil viscosity on the rheological and tribological properties of nanoclay-based ecolubricants. Lubricants 9:8. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9010008
Fürbeth W (2021) Advanced coatings for corrosion protection. MDPI AG.
Gajalakshmi K, Senthilkumar N, Mohan B, Anbuchezhiyan G (2020) An investigation on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of copper-nickel coated carbon fibre reinforced aluminium composites. Mater Res Express 7:115701. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abcb4c
George Vander Voort F (2004) Metallography: an introduction. In: George Vande rVoort F (ed) ASM Handbook: Metallography and microstructures. ASM International, New York., pp 3–20. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003720
Gholipour V, Shamanian M, Ashrafi A, Maleki A (2021) Development of aluminium-nanoclay composite by using powder metallurgy and hot extrusion process. Met Mater Int 27:3681–3694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00791-w
Gnanavelbabu A, Vinothkumar E, Ross NS, Prahadeeswaran M (2023) Investigating the wear performance of AZ91D magnesium composites with ZnO, MnO, and TiO2 nanoparticles. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12502-x
Grill CD, Hambrock C, Schimo G, Hassel AW (2021) Influence of fuel and shroud gas on the corrosion resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel nickel coatings. Phys Status Solidi (a). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202000024
Gudipudi S, Nagamuthu S, Subbian KS, Chilakalapalli SPR (2020) Enhanced mechanical properties of AA6061-B4C composites developed by a novel ultra-sonic assisted stir casting. Eng Sci Technol Int J 23:1233–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.01.010
Guo J, Gougeon P, Chen X-G (2012) Study on laser welding of AA1100–16 vol.% B4C metal–matrix composites. Compos B Eng. 43:2400–2408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.044
Hashim J, Looney L, Hashmi MSJ (1999) Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method. J Mater Process Technol 92–93:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00118-1
Hillary JJM, Ramamoorthi R, Joseph JDJ, Samuel CSJ (2020) A study on microstructural effect and mechanical behaviour of Al6061–5%SiC–TiB 2 particulates reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites. J Compos Mater 54:2327–2337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319894666
Huang Q, He R, Wang C, Tang X (2019) Microstructure, corrosion and mechanical properties of TiC particles/Al-5Mg composite fillers for tungsten arc welding of 5083 aluminum alloy. Materials 12:3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183029
Jones FR (2022) Composites science, technology, and engineering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jose SA, John M, Menezes PL (2022) Cermet systems: synthesis, properties, and applications. Ceramics 5:210–236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5020018
Kamali F, Azadi M (2019) An evaluation of tribological and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu alloy with nano-clay particles reinforcement. Proc Inst Mech Eng C J Mech Eng Sci 233:7062–7076. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219869746
Karakoç H (2023) Effect of SiC particle size on the mechanical and wear behavior of Al356 metal matrix composites. SILICON 15:6729–6744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02682-2
Karthikeyan A, Jinu GR (2019) Investigation on mechanical and corrosion behaviour of AA8011 reinforced with TiC and graphite hybrid composites. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3e87
Kim M-S, Kwon S-C, Kim S-T, Lee S, Jeong H-T, Choi S-H (2019) Effect of forging type on the deformation heterogeneities in multi-axial diagonal forged AA1100. Met Mater Int 25:779–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-00233-8
Kociubczyk AI, Grau JE, Sarutti JL, Méndez CM, Gregorutti RW, Ares AE (2023) Solidification analysis, microhardness, and corrosion resistance of a cast hip prosthesis in ASTM F745 austenitic stainless steel. J Mater Eng Perform 32:1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07164-x
Krishna Prasad S, Dayanand S, Rajesh M, Nagaral M, Auradi V, Selvaraj R (2022) Preparation and mechanical characterization of TiC particles reinforced Al7075 alloy composites. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2022:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7105189
Kumar V, Mishra A, Ankit M (2021) Utilization of waste graphite crucible for the fabrication of ex-situ AA1100/Graphite composite via stir casting route. Mater Today Proc. 46:1481–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.353
Leyland A, Matthews A (2000) On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control: a nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behaviour. Wear 246:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00488-9
Liu T, Lyu W, Li Z, Wang S, Wang X, Jiang J, Jiang X (2023) Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites. Nanotechnol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0566
Low IM, Dong Y (2021) Composite materials: manufacturing properties and applications. Elsevier Science, New York
Mahajan YR, Johnson R (2020) Handbook of advanced ceramics and composites: defense, security, aerospace and energy applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham
Mayén J, Hernández-Hernández M, Del Carmen Gallegos-Melgar A, Pereyra I, Barredo E, Abundez-Pliego A, Porcayo-Calderón J (2022) Statistical analysis of corrosion current density and tensile strength of Al-6061 alloy by ageing and retrogression heat treatments. Trans Indian Inst Met 75:2725–2735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02638-x
Medvedovski E (2023) Advanced ceramics and coatings for erosion-related applications in mineral and oil and gas production: a technical review. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 20:612–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.14240
Mostafapor A, Mohammadinia V (2016) Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of AA1100 aluminum sheet processed by accumulative press bonding process. Acta Metall Sinica (Engl Lett) 29:735–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-016-0441-y
Murali VKN, Starvin MS (2022) Study on the corrosion resistance characteristics of n-TiO2/Al2O3 reinforced hybrid Mg composites. J Chil Chem Soc 67:5708–5715. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072022000405708
Nagaraj A, Gopalakrishnan S (2021) A study on mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium 1100 alloys 6% of RHAp, BAp, CSAp, ZnOp and egg shellp composites by ANN. SILICON 13:3367–3376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00731-8
Ostolaza M, Arrizubieta JI, Lamikiz A, Ukar E (2023) Study of the flexural behaviour and bonding strength of WC-Co metal matrix composite coatings produced by laser directed energy deposition. Surf Coat Technol 463:129538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129538
Perumal G, Senthilkumar N, Subramaniyan C, Ramasamy R, Satheshkumar D (2023) Tailoring the mechanical and tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy through duplex heat treatment. J Mater Eng Perform. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08586-x
Pham NT-H, Nguyen V-T (2020) Wear properties of TiC-reinforced Co50 composite coatings from room temperature to high temperature. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6849081
Raj P, Deepanraj B, Senthilkumar N, Tamizharasan T (2022) A study on effect of primary and secondary reinforcements in hybrid metal matrix composite. AIP Conf Proc. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0074151
Rangappa SM, Doddamani SM, Siengchin S, Doddamani M (2023) Lightweight and sustainable composite materials: preparation, properties and applications. Elsevier Science, Cham
Sadjadi S (2020) Halloysite nanoclay for development of heterogeneous catalysts. In: Cavallaro Giuseppe, Fakhrullin Rawil, Pasbakhsh Pooria (eds) Clay Nanoparticles. Elsevier, New York., pp 275–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816783-0.00012-8
Salur E, Acarer M, Şavkliyildiz İ (2021) Improving mechanical properties of nano-sized TiC particle reinforced AA7075 Al alloy composites produced by ball milling and hot pressing. Mater Today Commun 27:102202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102202
Sambathkumar M, Sasikumar KSK, Gukendran R, Dineshkumar K, Ponappa K, Harichandran S (2021) Investigación sobre las propiedades mecánicas y de corrosión del compuesto de matriz metálica Al 7075/Redmud. Rev Metal 57:e185. https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.185
Samuel Ratna Kumar PS, Peter Madindwa M (2021) Investigation on tribological behaviour of aluminosilicate reinforced AA7075 composites for aviation application. Trans Indian Inst Metals. 74:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-02112-6
Sharma VK, Kumar V, Joshi RS (2019) Experimental investigation on effect of RE oxides addition on tribological and mechanical properties of Al-6063 based hybrid composites. Mater Res Express. 6:0865d7. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab2504
Sharma VK, Kumar V, Joshi RS (2019b) Effect of RE addition on wear behavior of an Al-6061 based hybrid composite. Wear 426–427:961–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.044
Sharma VK, Kumar P, Akai S, Kumar V, Joshi RS (2023) Analyzing the tribological and mechanical performance of Al-6061 with rare earth oxides: an experimental analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part E J Process Mech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089231160003
Shettar M, Doshi M, Rawat AK (2021) Study on mechanical properties and water uptake of polyester-nanoclay nanocomposite and analysis of wear property using RSM. J Market Res 14:1618–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.07.034
Shorowordi KM, Laoui T, Haseeb ASMA, Celis JP, Froyen L (2003) Microstructure and interface characteristics of B4C, SiC and Al2O3 reinforced Al matrix composites: a comparative study. J Mater Process Technol 142:738–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00815-X
Soman R, Kavitha MH (2022) Trends in bionanocomposites. In: Ahmed Shakeel (ed) Bionanocomposites for food packaging applications. Elsevier, New York, pp 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88528-7.00026-5
Thangarasu A, Murugan N, Dinaharan I (2014) Production and wear characterization of AA6082 -TiC surface composites by friction stir processing. Procedia Eng 97:590–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.287
Toyserkani E, Sarker D, Ibhadode OO, Liravi F, Russo P, Taherkhani K (2021) Metal additive manufacturing. Wiley, New York
Velavan K, Palanikumar K, Thirumal K, Ragul Kannan K, Kannan M, Arunkumar P (2023) Mechanical characterization of aluminium alloy LM25 reinforced with TiC and graphite for structural applications. Mater Today Proc 72:2049–2055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.105
Vignesh RV, Padmanaban R, Govindaraju M (2022) Advances in Processing of Lightweight Metal Alloys and Composites: Microstructural Characterization and Property Correlation. Springer Nature, Singapore
Wang F, Liu H, Yang B (2005) Effect of in-situ TiC particulate on the wear resistance of spray-deposited 7075 Al matrix composite. Mater Charact 54:446–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2005.01.011
Xi S, Ma G, Li L, Li Y, Zhou R, Jiang Y (2021) Investigate on the phase interfaces and performance evaluation of TiB2p/Al–Si–Cu–Zn (T6) composites. J Market Res 12:581–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.018
Xi L, Feng L, Gu D, Wang R, Sarac B, Prashanth KG, Eckert J (2022) ZrC+TiC synergically reinforced metal matrix composites with micro/nanoscale reinforcements prepared by laser powder bed fusion. J Market Res 19:4645–4657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.149
Zeng J, Li D, Xu Z, Wang Y (2011) hydrogen diffusion in molten aluminum A206 casting alloy. Adv Sci Lett 4:1740–1744. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2011.1301
Funding
The authors declare that no funds were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contribute equally to the research manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Consent for publication
We hereby provide consent for the publication of the manuscript detailed above, including any accompanying images or data contained within the manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Srinivasan, D., Senthilkumar, N., Ganesh, M. et al. Characterization studies on nano aluminium composite reinforced with montmorillonite nanoclay and titanium carbide. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00374-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00374-x