Abstract
Generally, reinforced concrete buildings are constructed with frames, where walls are made with or without infills, sometimes with partial infills. These infills act as partitions separating the rooms, providing pathways, and creating ventilation. Materials used for infilling are mostly masonry. These structures are designed for high in-plane stiffness and strength, whereas the effects of infills do not interfere with the design aspect. So a proportional study of bare frames and infilled frames is done by collecting research works based on tests carried out on cyclic loading, reverse cyclic loading, lateral loading, in-plane loading and out-of-plane loading, and push-over analysis as experimental work, then theoretical comparison and numerical method with the help of analytical software like, finite element method, ETABS, Abaqus, and few others are collected. Infill materials used were conventional clay bricks, hollow clay blocks, solid clay blocks, and lightweight blocks. Some lightweight materials studied here were autoclaved aerated concrete blocks, cellular lightweight concrete blocks, and gypsum blocks. The tests were performed on scaled and non-scaled models, prototypes and in some cases, real-life cases were also tested. Based on the survey conducted on the abundant works done by researchers worldwide, insights about the different testing methods, and strengthening processes used, suggest that the lightweight infill materials used to enhance the ability of the structure against seismic activity and different failure modes, which were discussed based on the methods and other available materials used.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
This manuscript has no associated data.
Abbreviations
- AAC:
-
Autoclaved aerated concrete
- ACB:
-
Aerated concrete blocks
- ALC:
-
Aerated lightweight concrete
- BRB:
-
Buckling restrained brace
- BRC:
-
Basalt reinforced cementitious plaster
- C d :
-
Diagonal coefficient
- C od :
-
Off-diagonal coefficient
- CDP:
-
Concrete damaged plasticity
- CLC:
-
Cellular lightweight concrete
- CMU:
-
Concrete masonry unit
- DAQ:
-
Data acquisition system
- EDRC:
-
Energy-dissipative rocking column
- EPS:
-
Expanded polystyrene
- FE:
-
Finite element
- FEA:
-
Finite element analysis
- f pc :
-
Concrete compressive strength
- f pcu :
-
Crushing strength
- FRAC:
-
Fiber-reinforced aerated concrete
- FRP:
-
Reinforced masonry panels
- GRC:
-
Glass reinforced cementitious plaster
- HCB:
-
Hollow concrete blocks
- HCT:
-
Hollow clay tile
- HDC:
-
High ductile fiber-reinforced concrete
- IP:
-
In-plane
- LCC:
-
Lightweight cellular concrete
- Lp:
-
Length of plastic hinge
- MPa:
-
Mega pascal
- MS-AS:
-
Main shock–after shock
- N/mm:
-
Newton/millimeter
- OGS:
-
Open ground story
- OOP:
-
Out-of-plane
- PRV:
-
Pore roundedness value
- PS:
-
Pore size
- RC:
-
Reinforced concrete
- SCB:
-
Solid clay bricks
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- TRM:
-
Textile-reinforced mortars
- URM:
-
Unreinforced masonry
- WM:
-
Weak mortar
- ETABS:
-
Extended three-dimensional analysis of building system
- FDPD :
-
Fractal dimension of pore distribution
- FRCLC:
-
Fiber-reinforced cellular lightweight concrete
- HVEDB:
-
Haunch visco-elastic damping braces
- LVDT:
-
Linear variable differential transformers
- NCREE:
-
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
- OpenSEES:
-
Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
- TEASPA:
-
Taiwan Earthquake Assessment for Structures by Pushover Analysis
References
Altin S, Anil Ö, Kopraman Y, Belgin Ç (2010) Strengthening masonry infill walls with reinforced plaster. Proc Inst Civ Eng Struct Build 163(5):331–342. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2010.163.5.331
Alwashali H, Sen D, Jin K, Maeda M (2019) Experimental investigation of influences of several parameters on seismic capacity of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame. Eng Struct 189:11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.020
Anbarasan S, Varatharajan T, Srinivasan SK (2023) Interface pressure optimization in a masonry-infilled single bay seven-storey RC frame with an adaptive pneumatic interface using ANN. Asian J Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42107-023-00622-4
Anić F, Penava D, Guljaš I, Sarhosis V, Abrahamczyk L (2021) Out-of-plane cyclic response of masonry infilled RC frames: an experimental study. Eng Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112258
Arslan ME, Aykanat B, Subaşı S, Maraşlı M (2021) Cyclic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete block infill walls strengthened by basalt and glass fiber composites. Eng Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112431
Asteris PG, Antoniou ST, Sophianopoulos DS, Chrysostomou CZ (2011) Mathematical macromodeling of infilled frames: state of the art. J Struct Eng 137(12):1508–1517. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000384
Baghi H, Oliveira A, Valença J, Cavaco E, Neves L, Júlio E (2018) Behavior of reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill wall subjected to vertical load. Eng Struct 171:476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.001
Baloevic G, Radnic J, Grgic N, Grubisic I (2022) Shake-table study on the effect of masonry infill on the seismic response of reinforced concrete frames. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107404
Baniahmadi M, Vafaei M, Alih C, S. (2021) Cyclic response of reinforced concrete frames partially infilled with relatively weak masonry wall. J Build Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103722
Bhosale A, Zade NP, Sarkar P, Davis R (2020) Mechanical and physical properties of cellular lightweight concrete block masonry. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118621
Binici B, Canbay E, Aldemir A, Demirel IO, Uzgan U, Eryurtlu Z, Bulbul K, Yakut A (2019) Seismic behavior and improvement of autoclaved aerated concrete infill walls. Eng Struct 193:68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.032
Blanco A, Pujadas P, de La Fuente A, Cavalaro S, Aguado A (2013) Application of constitutive models in European codes to RC–FRC. Constr Build Mater 40:246–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2012.09.096
Blasi G, De Luca F, Aiello MA (2018) Brittle failure in RC masonry infilled frames: the role of infill overstrength. Eng Struct 177:506–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.09.079
Bonakdar A, Babbitt F, Mobasher B (2013) Physical and mechanical characterization of fiber-reinforced aerated concrete (FRAC). Cement Concr Compos 38:82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.006
Bose S, Rai DC (2014) Behavior of AAC infilled RC frame under lateral loading. In Tenth US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering at Alaska
Cai G, Su Q (2019) Effect of infills on seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structures—a full-scale experimental study. J Earthq Eng 23(9):1531–1559. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1387194
Chalioris C, Voutetaki ME, Liolios AA (2020) Structural health monitoring of seismically vulnerable RC frames under lateral cyclic loading. Earthq Struct 19:29–44. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.19.1.29
Chen H, Bai J (2021) Seismic performance evaluation of buckling-restrained braced RC frames considering stiffness and strength requirements and low-cycle fatigue behaviors. Eng Struct 239:112359. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2021.112359
Choudhury T, Kaushik HB (2018) Seismic fragility of open ground storey RC frames with wall openings for vulnerability assessment. Eng Struct 155:345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.023
Chrysanidis T (2023a) A case of lateral buckling under seismic action using a prism column specimen. Struct Eng Int 33(1):125–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2021.2003741
Chrysanidis T (2023b) Experimental and numerical research on cracking characteristics of medium-reinforced prisms under variable uniaxial degrees of elongation. Eng Fail Anal 145:107014. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFAILANAL.2022.107014
Chrysanidis TA, Panoskaltsis VP (2022) Experimental investigation on cracking behavior of reinforced concrete tension ties. Case Stud Constr Mater 16:e00810. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2021.E00810
Chrysanidis T, Tegos I (2020) Axial and transverse strengthening of R/C circular columns: conventional and new type of steel and hybrid jackets using high-strength mortar. J Build Eng 30:101236. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2020.101236
Corte G, Della F, Luigi, Mazzolani FM (2008) Lateral-loading tests on a real RC building including masonry infill panels with and without FRP strengthening. J Mater Civ Eng 20(6):419–431. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0899-1561200820:6419
Deng M, Zhang W, Yang S (2020) In-plane seismic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry walls retrofitted with high ductile fiber-reinforced concrete. Eng Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110854
Devi NR, Dhir PK, Sarkar P (2022) Influence of strain rate on the mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete. J Build Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104830
Dhinakaran S, Muthukumar S (2023) A review on infilled frame structure with respective of various interface materials. E3S Web Conf. https://doi.org/10.1051/E3SCONF/202338703001
Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2008) The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame—a deterministic assessment. Eng Struct 30(7):1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.01.001
Dong YR, Xu ZD, Li QQ, Xu YS, Chen ZH (2019) Seismic behavior and damage evolution for retrofitted RC frames using haunch viscoelastic damping braces. Eng Struct 199:109583. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2019.109583
Elshahawi M, Hückler A, Schlaich M (2022) Shear behaviour of infra lightweight concrete (ILC) without stirrups. Structures 45:1587–1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.09.114
Eren N, Brunesi E, Nascimbene R (2018) Influence of masonry infills on the progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete framed buildings. Eng Struct 178:375–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.056
Ferraioli M (2019) Dynamic increase factor for nonlinear static analysis of RC frame buildings against progressive collapse. Int J Civ Eng 17(3):281–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0253-0
Fiore A, Netti A, Monaco P (2012) The influence of masonry infill on the seismic behaviour of RC frame buildings. Eng Struct 44:133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.023
Ganesana TP, Lakshmipathy M, Thirumurugan V, Satyanarayanan KS (2015) Experimental studies on the effects of different interface materials on the behaviour of infilled frames. ISTE-SRM Int J Civ Eng 1:46–67
Gong M, Zuo Z, Wang X, Lu X, Xie L (2019) Comparing seismic performances of pilotis and bare RC frame structures by shaking table tests. Eng Struct 199:109442. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2019.109442
Huang H, Burton HV (2019) Classification of in-plane failure modes for reinforced concrete frames with infills using machine learning. J Build Eng 25:100767. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2019.100767
Huang Q, Guo Z, Kuang JS (2016) Designing infilled reinforced concrete frames with the “strong frame-weak infill” principle. Eng Struct 123:341–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.05.024
Imran I, Aryanto A (2009) Behavior of reinforced concrete frames in-filled with lightweight materials under seismic loads. Civ Eng Dimens 11(2):69–77
Jadhao VP, Pajgade PS (2013) Influence of masonry infill walls on seismic performance of RC framed structures a comparison of AAC and conventional brick infill. Int J Eng Adv Technol (IJEAT) 2(4):148–153 (ISSN: 2249–8958)
Jiang Huanjun LXMJ (2015) Full-scale experimental study on masonry infilled RC moment-resisting frames under cyclic loads. Eng Struct 91:70–84
Kakaletsis DJ, Karayannis CG (2008) Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled R/C frames under cycling loading. J Earthq Eng 12(2):197–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701299138
Kasapgil SM, Binici B, Canbay E (2021) Seismic behavior of AAC infill walls insulated with cementitious lightweight panels in reinforced concrete frames. Eng Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113215
Kauffman A, Memari AM (2014) Performance evaluation of different masonry infill walls with structural fuse elements based on in-plane cyclic load testing. Buildings 4(4):605–634. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings4040605
Koutas LN, Bournas DA (2019) Out-of-plane strengthening of masonry-infilled RC frames with textile-reinforced mortar jackets. J Compos Constr 23(1):4018079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000911
Mehta PK (1999) Advancements in concrete technology. Concrete Int 21(6):69–76
Li LZ, Liu X, Yu JT, Lu ZD, Su MN, Liao JH, Xia M (2019a) Experimental study on seismic performance of post-fire reinforced concrete frames. Eng Struct 179:161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2018.10.080
Li YW, Li GQ, Jiang J, Wang YB (2019b) Experimental study on seismic performance of RC frames with energy-dissipative rocking column system. Eng Struct 194:406–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2019.05.052
Li Y, Geng F, Ding Y, Wang L (2020) Experimental and numerical study of low-damage self-centering precast concrete frame connections with replaceable dampers. Eng Struct 220:111011. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2020.111011
Liao W-I, Hsiao F-P, Chiu C-K, Ho C-E (2019) Structural health monitoring and interface damage detection for infill reinforced concrete walls in seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete frames using piezoceramic-based transducers under the cyclic loading. Appl Sci 9:312. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020312
Liberatore L, AlShawa O, Marson C, Pasca M, Sorrentino L (2020) Out-of-plane capacity equations for masonry infill walls accounting for openings and boundary conditions. Eng Struct 207:110198. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2020.110198
Lin K, Lu X, Li Y, Zhuo W, Guan H (2019) A novel structural detailing for the improvement of seismic and progressive collapse performances of RC frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3208
Liu X, Ni C, Meng K, Zhang L, Liu D, Sun L (2020) Strengthening mechanism of lightweight cellular concrete filled with fly ash. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118954
Liu X, Qian X, Pu S, Sheng K, Sun D, Hong B (2021) Methods for testing the quality of lightweight cellular concrete during pouring. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125755
Lyu H, Deng M, Ma Y, Yang S, Cheng Y (2022) In-plane cyclic tests on strengthening of full-scale autoclaved aerated concrete blocks infilled RC frames using highly ductile concrete (HDC). J Build Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104083
Markulak D, Radić I, Sigmund V (2013) Cyclic testing of single bay steel frames with various types of masonry infill. Eng Struct 51:267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.026
Maruthish KV, Satyanarayanan KS, Pradeep S, Muthukumar S (2021) Study on infilled frames with partial interface materials under inplane monotonic loading. Mater Today Proc 43:3256–3260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.935
Muthu Kumar S, Satyanarayanan KS (2018) Study the effect of elastic materials as interface medium used in infilled frames. Mater Today Proc 5(2):8986–8995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.343
Muthu Kumar S, Saranya G, Lakshmipathy M, Satyanarayanan KS (2016) Modeling and study of behavior of infilled frames with different interface materials under static loading. Indian J Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i23/95973
Muthukumar S, Satyanarayanan KS, Senthil S (2017) Studies on two bay and three storey infilled frame with different interface materials: experimental and finite element studies. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.64.5.000
Nasiri E, Liu Y (2019a) The out-of-plane behaviour of concrete masonry infills bounded by reinforced concrete frames. Eng Struct 184:406–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.098
Nyunn S, Wang F, Yang J, Liu QF, Azim I, Bhatta S (2020) Numerical studies on the progressive collapse resistance of multi-story RC buildings with and without exterior masonry walls. Structures 28:1050–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2020.07.049
Pohoryles DA, Bournas DA (2019) Seismic retrofit of infilled RC frames with textile reinforced mortars: state-of-the-art review and analytical modelling. Compos Part B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107702
Prem Kumar G, Thirumurugan V, Satyanarayanan KS (2022) An analytical study on the behaviour of infilled RC frame with opening in infill. Mater Today Proc 50:331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.07.442
Pujol S, Fick D (2010) The test of a full-scale three-story RC structure with masonry infill walls. Eng Struct 32(10):3112–3121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.030
Pul S, Arslan ME (2019) Cyclic behaviors of different type of hollow brick infill walls: a hinged rigid frame approach. Constr Build Mater 211:899–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.285
Qu X, Zhao X (2017) Previous and present investigations on the components, microstructure and main properties of autoclaved aerated concrete—a review. Construction and building materials, vol 135. Elsevier Ltd., Amsterdam, pp 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.208
Rasheed MA, Prakash SS (2018) Behavior of hybrid-synthetic fiber reinforced cellular lightweight concrete under uniaxial tension—experimental and analytical studies. Constr Build Mater 162:857–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.095
Scalvenzi M, Gargiulo S, Freddi F, Parisi F (2022) Impact of seismic retrofitting on progressive collapse resistance of RC frame structures. Eng Fail Anal 131:105840. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFAILANAL.2021.105840
Selvakumar A, Thirumurugan V, Satyanarayanan KS (2022) Structural significance of pneumatic interface in masonry infilled RC frames. Mater Today Proc 50:282–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.06.328
Senthil K, Rupali S, Satyanarayanan KS (2017) Experiments on ductile and non-ductile reinforced concrete frames under static and cyclic loading. J Coupled Syst Multiscale Dyn 5(1):38–50. https://doi.org/10.1166/jcsmd.2017.1118
Shan S, Li S, Kose MM, Sezen H, Wang S (2019) Effect of partial infill walls on collapse behavior of reinforced concrete frames. Eng Struct 197:109377. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2019.109377
Sharma R, Hsiao FP, Liu KY, Pon CE (2022) Shaking table test of a half-scale three-story non-ductile RC building subjected to near-fault ground motions: experimental and numerical modeling. Structures 45:721–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.09.041
Sheeba J, Mesiah Dhas JT, Sathak M, Academy of Architecture AJ (2018) A study on Indo-Saracenic architectural heritage. http://acadpubl.eu/hub
Shinde SB (2018) A review on structural audit report of oldest bridges in Pune City, vol 03. http://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/100-
Tappin S (2003) The early use of reinforced concrete in India
Tesfamariam S, Goda K, Mondal G (2015) Seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete frame with unreinforced masonry infill due to main shock-aftershock earthquake sequences. Earthq Spectra 31(3):1427–1449. https://doi.org/10.1193/042313EQS111M
Tomlinson D, Fam A (2016) Combined loading behavior of basalt FRP-reinforced precast concrete insulated partially-composite walls. J Compos Constr 20(3):4015060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000611
Usta P, Onat Ö, Bozdağ Ö (2023) Effect of masonry infill walls on the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete structure: October 30, 2020 İzmir earthquake case. Eng Fail Anal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107081
Vishnupriyan M, Annadurai R (2023a) A study on the macro-properties of PCB fiber-reinforced concrete from recycled electronic waste and validation of results using RSM and ANN. Asian J Civ Eng 24(6):1667–1680. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42107-023-00595-4/FULLTEXT.HTML
Vishnupriyan M, Annadurai R (2023b) Investigation of the effect of substituting conventional fine aggregate with PCB powder on concrete strength using artificial neural network. Asian J Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42107-023-00700-7/FULLTEXT.HTML
Wang F, Yang J, Nyunn S, Azim I (2020) Effect of concrete infill walls on the progressive collapse performance of precast concrete framed substructures. J Build Eng 32:101461. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2020.101461
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere and heartfelt thanks to the management of SRM University for providing all the facilities towards this research work.
Funding
The authors declare they have no financial interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MY: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft preparation. SM: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yacin, I.M., Muthu Kumar, S. & Satyanarayanan, K.S. A review of performance evaluation of RC-infilled frames under earthquake scenarios. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. 7, 583–606 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-023-00288-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-023-00288-0