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In Situ and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Electrode Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represent next-generation energy sources with high energy conversion efficiencies, low pollutant emissions, good flexibility with a wide variety of fuels, and excellent modularity suitable for distributed power generation. As an electrochemical energy conversion device, the SOFC’s performance and reliability depend sensitively on the catalytic activity and stability of electrode materials. To date, however, the development of electrode materials and microstructures is still based largely on trial-and-error methods because of the inadequate understanding of electrode process mechanisms. Therefore, the identification of key descriptors/properties for electrode materials or functional heterogeneous interfaces, especially under in situ/operando conditions, may provide guidance for the design of optimal electrode materials and microstructures. Here, Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited for the probing and mapping of chemical species present on electrode surfaces under operating conditions. And to boost the sensitivity toward electrode surface species, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique can be employed, in which thermally robust SERS probes (e.g., Ag@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles) are designed to make in situ/operando analysis possible. This review summarizes recent progresses in the investigation of SOFC electrode materials through Raman spectroscopic techniques, including topics of early stage carbon deposition (coking), coking-resistant anode modification, sulfur poisoning, and cathode degradation. In addition, future perspectives for utilizing the in situ/operando SERS for investigations of other electrochemical surfaces and interfaces are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

BZCYYb:

BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ

BZY:

BaZr1−xYxO3−δ

DFT:

Density functional theory

EDX:

Energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

EF:

Enhancement factor (of SERS)

GDC:

Gadolinium doped ceria

IR:

Infrared spectroscopy

LNF:

LaNi1−xFexO3±δ

LSM:

La1−xSrxMnO3−δ

LSCF:

La1−xSrxCo1−yFeyO3−δ

LSP:

Localized surface plasmon

LSPR:

Localized surface plasmon resonance

OCV:

Open circuit voltage

ORR:

Oxygen reduction reaction

PEMFC:

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells

PLD:

Pulsed laser deposition

PNM:

PrNi1-xMnxO3±δ

R6G:

Rhodamine-6G (a chemical to evaluate SERS enhancement factor)

SDC:

Scandium doped ceria

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SERS:

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

SOEC:

Solid oxide electrolysis cell

SOFC:

Solid oxide fuel cell

SSC:

Sm1−xSrxCoO3−δ

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TEOS:

Tetraethyl orthosilicate

TPB:

Triple phase boundary (of electrolyte, electrode, and gas phase)

UV-Vis:

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

YSZ:

Yttrium stabilized zirconia

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) SECA Core Technology Program under Award No. DE-NT0006557 and DE-FE0031201, ARPA-E REBELS Program under Award No. DE-AR0000501, and by the HetroFoaM Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) under Award No. DE-SC0001061.

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  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Innovative Fuel Cell and Battery Technologies, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA

    Xiaxi Li, Kevin Blinn, Dongchang Chen & Meilin Liu

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  4. Meilin Liu
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Correspondence to Meilin Liu.

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Li, X., Blinn, K., Chen, D. et al. In Situ and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Electrode Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 1, 433–459 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0017-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0017-9

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