Abstract
Why should there now appear a journal devoted to integrating cognition and culture? We argue that new methods for examining the origin of brain networks that shape the developing mind provide the basis for such integration. These methods include imaging the human brain at rest or when performing tasks and examining individual differences in network efficiency by studying people with different forms of critical genes. In this article we outline a framework for studying attention, and then apply it to the study of language and number processing. Each domain illustrates how cultural differences influence the brain networks involved in cognition. In each case caregivers often serve as representative of the culture in helping to shape the brain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. (1993). Children’s temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7, 359–378.
Baldwin, D. A. (1991). Infants’ contribution to the, achievement of joint reference. Child Development, 62, 875–890.
Berger, A., Tzur, G., & Posner, M. I. (2006). Infant babies detect arithmetic error. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 103, 12649–12653.
Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: the good, the bad and the indifferent. Language and Cognition, 12(1), 3–11.
Bornstein, M. H., et al. (1992). Maternal response to infants in three societies the United States, France and Japan. Child Development, 63(4), 808–821.
Carlson, S. M., & Mettzoff, A. M. (2008). Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science, 8, 595–604.
Casey, B., Thomas, K. M., Davidson, M. C., Kunz, K., & Franzen, P. L. (2002). Dissociating striatal and hippocampal function developmentally with a stimulus-response compatibility task. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(19), 8647–8652.
Chua, H. F., Boland, J. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (2005). Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 12629–12633.
Clohessy, A. B., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). Development of the functional visual field. Acta Psychologica, 106, 51–68.
Cohen, S., Glass, D. C., & Singer, J. E. (1973). Apartment noise, auditory discrimination and reading ability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 407–433.
Colombo, J. (2001). The development of visual attention in infancy. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 337–367.
Curtindale, L., Laurie-Rose, C., Bennett-Murphy, L., & Hull, S. (2007). Sensory modality, temperament, and the development of sustained attention: A vigilance study in children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 576–589.
Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2037–2078.
Dehaene, S. (1997). The number sense. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hertz-Pannier, L., Dubois, J., Mériaux, S., Roche, A., Sigman, M., et al. (2006). Functional organization of the perisylvan activation durin presentation of sentences in preverbal infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103, 14240–14245.
Ding, Y. C., Chi, H. C., Grady, D. L., Morishima, A., Kidd, J. R., Kidd, K. K., et al. (2002). Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine receptor D4 gene locus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99(1), 309–314.
Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Power, J. D., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., et al. (2009). Functional brain networks develop from a “local to distributed” organization. PLoS Computational Biology, 5, e1000381. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381. (13512).
Fan, J., Fossella, J. A., Summer, T., Wu, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 100, 7406–7411.
Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, M., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(14), 340–347.
Fjell, A. M., et al. (2012). Multi modal imaging of the self-regulating brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 109(48), 19620–19625.
Fossella, J., Sommer, T., Fan, J., Wu, Y., Swanson, J. M., Pfaff, D. W., et al. (2002). Assessing the molecular genetics of attention networks. BMC Neuroscience, 3, 14.
Gao, W., Gilmore, J. H., Shen, D., Smith, J. K., Zhu, H., & Lin, W. (2012). The Synchronization within and Interaction between the Default and Dorsal Attention Networks in Early Infancy. Cerebral Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs043.
Gehring, W. J., Gross, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4, 385–390.
Gerardi-Caulton, G. (2000). Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24–36 months of age. Developmental Science, 3(4), 397–404.
Goodenough, W. H. (1981). Cullture, language, and society. Menlo Park: Benjamin.
Griffin, S., Case, R., & Siegler, R. S. (1994). Rightstart: Providing the central conceptual prerequisites for first formal learning of arithmetic to students at risk for school failure. In K. McGilly (Ed.), Classroom lessons: Integrating cognitive theory and classroom practice (pp. 25–49). Cambridge: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
Harman, C., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (1997). Distress and attention interactions in early infancy. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 27–43.
Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(4), 625–658.
Imada, T., Carlson, S. M., & Itakura, S. (2013). EastWest cultural differences in context-sensitivity are evident in early childhood. Development Science, 16(2), 198–208.
Jones, L. B., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Development of executive attention in preschool children. Developmental Science, 6(5), 498–504.
Jonkman, L. M. (2006). The development of preparation, conflict monitoring and inhibition from early childhood to young adulthood, A Go/Nogo ERP study. Brain Research, 1097(1), 181–193.
Jonkman, L. M., Lansbergen, M., & Stauder, J. E. A. (2003). Developmental differences in behavioral and event-related brain responses associated with response preparation and inhibition in a go/nogo task. Psychophysiology, 40(5), 752–761.
Kelly, A. M. C., & Garavan, H. (2005). Human functional neuroimaging of brain changes associated with practice. Neuroimage, 15, 1089–1102.
Kitayama, S., King, A., Yoon, C., Thompson, S., Huff, S., & Lieberson, I. (2014). The dopamine D4 receptor gene moderates cultural difference in independent versus interdependent social orientation. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1169–1177.
Kuhl, P. K. (2010). Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron, 67, 713–727.
Larsen, H., van der Zwaluw, C. S., Overbeek, G., Granic, I., Franke, B., & Engels, R. C. (2010). A variable-number-of-tandem-repeats polymorphism in the dopamine D4 receptor gene affects social adaptation of alcohol use: Investigation of a gene-environment interaction. Psychological Science, 21, 1064–1068.
Levine, R. A., Levine, S., Schnell-Anzola, B., Rowe, M. L., & Dexter, E. (2012). Literacy and mothering: How women’s schooling changes the lives of the world’s children. New York: Oxford University Press.
Levy, F. (1980). The development of sustained attention (vigilance) in children: Some normative data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21(1), 77–84.
Lin, C. C. H., Hsiao, C. K., & Chen, W. J. (1999). Development of sustained attention assessed using the continuous performance test among children 6–15 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(5), 403–412.
Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain. New York: Basic Books.
Marrocco, R. T., & Davidson, M. C. (1998). Neurochemistry of attention. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 35–50). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Mascolo, M. F. (2004). The coactive construction of selves in cultures. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 104, 79–90.
Mezzacappa, E. (2004). Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: Developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children. Child Development, 75(5), 1373–1386.
Morrison, F. J. (1982). The development of alertness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 34(2), 187–199.
Nieder, A., & Dehaene, S. (2009). Representation of number in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 185–208.
Nunez, R. E. (2011). No innate number line in the human brain. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology., 42(4), 651–668.
Paap, K. R., & Sawi, O. (2014). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning: problems in convergent validity, discriminant validity, and the identification of the theoretical constructs. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. doi:10.1080/17588928.2016.1173664.
Parasuraman, R., Greenwood, P. M., Kumar, R., & Fossella, J. (2005). Beyond heritability: Neurotransmitter genes differentially modulate visuospatial attention and working memory. Psychological Science, 16(3), 200–207.
Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 71–89.
Petrova, K., Wentura, D., & Fu, X. L. (2013). Cultural influences on oculomotor inhibition of remote distractors: evidence from saccade trajectories. Vision Research, 84, 43–49.
Pinel, P., & Dehaene, S. (2013). Genetic and environmental contribution to brain activation during calculation. Neuroimage, 81, 306–316.
Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Posner, M. I. (2008). Measuring alertness. In D. W. Pfaff & B. L. Kieffer (Eds.), Molecular and biophysical mechanisms of arousal alertness and attention (pp. 193–199). Boston: Blackwell.
Posner, M. I. (2012). Attention in a social world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Posner, M.I., Rothbart, M.K. Sheese, B.E. & Voelker, P. (2014) Developing Attention: Behavioral and Brain Mechanisms. Advances in Neuroscience, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/405094 (Article ID 405094), (NIHMSID 59693).
Posner, M.I. & Raichle, M.E. (1994). Images of Mind. New York: Scientific American Books.
Posner, M.I. & Raichle, M.E. (eds) (1998). Overview: The neuroimaging of human brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the US, 95, 763–764.
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Ann Rev of Psychology, 58, 1–23.
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Sheese, B. E. (2007). Attention genes. Developmental Science, 10, 24–29.
Raichle, M. E. (2009). A paradigm shift in functional brain imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 12729–12734.
Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (1995). A psychophysiological analysis of developmental differences in the ability to resist interference. Child Development, 66(4), 1040–1056.
Ro, T., Farne, A., & Chang, E. (2003). Inhibition of return and the human frontal eye fields. Experimental Brain Research, 150(3), 290–296.
Rothbart, M. K. (2011). Becoming who we are. NewYork: Guilford Press.
Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Developing mechanisms of effortful control. Journal of Personality, 71, 1113–1143.
Rueda, M., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P., et al. (2004a). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42(8), 1029–1040.
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Davis-Stober, C. P. (2004). Development of the time course for processing conflict: An event-related potentials study with 4 year olds and adults. BMC Neuroscience.
Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1973). Cognitive consequences of formal and informal education. Science, 182(4112), 553–559.
Segalowitz, S. J., & Davies, P. L. (2004). Charting the maturation of the frontal lobe: An electrophysiological strategy. Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 116–133.
Segalowitz, S. J., Unsal, A., & Dywan, J. (1992). Cleverness and wisdom in 12-year-olds: Electrophysiological evidence for late maturation of the frontal lobe. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 279–298.
Sheese, B. E., Rothbart, M. K., Voelker, P., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The dopamine receptor D4 gene 7 repeat allele interacts with parenting quality to predict Effortful Control in four-year-old children. Child Development Research. doi:10.1155/2012/863242.
Sheese, B. E., Voelker, P. M., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in Dopamine Receptor DRD4 to influence temperament in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 1039–1046.
Shulman, G. L., Astafiev, S. V., Franke, D., Pope, D. L. W., Snyder, A. Z., McAvoy, M. P., et al. (2009). Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networks. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 4392–4407.
Smith, H. J., Sheikh, H. I., Dyson, M. W., Olino, T. M., Laptook, R. S., Durbin, C. E., et al. (2012). Parenting and child DRD4 genotype interact to predict children’s early emerging effortful control. Child Development, 83(6), 1932–1944.
Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oshi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, Z. X., et al. (2014). Large-scale psychological difference within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344, 603–608.
Tang, Y. Y., Zhang, W., Chen, K., Feng, S., Ji, Y., Shen, J., et al. (2006). Arithmetic processing in the brain shaped by cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(28), 10775–10780.
van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 593–602.
Voelker, P., Piscopo, D., Weible, A., Lynch G., Rothbart, M.K., Posner, M.I., & Niell, C.M. (2016) How changes in white matter might underlie improvement in reaction time with practice. Cognitive Neuroscience, 87.
Walter, G. (1964). The convergence and interaction of visual, auditory and tactile responses in human non-specific cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 112, 320–361.
Werker, J. F., & Lalonde, C. E. (1988). Cross-language speech perception: initial capabilities and developmental change. Developmental Psychology, 24, 672–683.
Wilson, A. J., Revkin, S. K., Cohen, D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2006). Design and testing of adaptive remediation software for dyscalculia. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2(20).
Wynn, K. (1992). Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature, 358, 749–750.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This research was supported in part by NIH Grant 060563 to Georgia State University. The authors are grateful to Charo Rueda and BhoomikaKar for their contributions to various parts of this review. We want to thank the referees Drs. Thomas Lachmann and Dr. Chris Olivers for their helpful comments, they improved the accuracy of our article, but should not be held responsible for errors that may remain.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Posner, M.I., Rothbart, M.K. Integrating brain, cognition and culture. J Cult Cogn Sci 1, 3–15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-017-0001-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-017-0001-7