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Pore size influence in fabricating DCPD-Coated Porous β-TCP granules: compositional, morphological, and functional group perspective

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Abstract

This study aims to understand the influence of pore size on the compositional, morphological, and functional group characteristics of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-coated porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules. This study produced 300–600 μm granular sizes of porous β-TCP granules with various pore diameters. This was achieved by combining dry powders of DCPD and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) [Ca/P ratio: 1.5] with varied quantities of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of sodium chloride (NaCl) powders to obtain mixtures composed of weight percentages (wt%) ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40, respectively. Post-sintering, the porous β-TCP granules fabricated were soaked in an acidic calcium phosphate solution for 30 min to coat the surfaces with DCPD crystals formation via a dissolution-precipitation reaction. Subsequently, the specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The morphological observations demonstrated that increasing NaCl powder up to 40% with a mixture of CaCO3 and DCPD enhanced the β-TCP granules' pore size. Furthermore, The formation of DCPD on and inside the porous β-TCP granules has been accelerated due to the presence of large pores. Conversely, dissolution-precipitation reactions were incomplete on granules with 2.8, 4.9, and 6.91 μm pore sizes. The major XRD peaks of the DCPD and β-TCP phases with 2.8, 4.9, and 6.91 μm pores were also slightly shifted to the right, while granules with 7.53 μm pores demonstrated DCPD and β-TCP peaks aligned with pure β-TCP and DCPD phases. This study's findings are expected to offer insight into the role of pore size in influencing the dissolution-precipitation process that affects the morphological, compositional, and functional group characteristics of DCPD-coated β-TCP granules.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a Universiti Sains Malaysia, Special Short-Term Grant with Project no: 304/PBAHAN/6315702, and Mustansiriyah University for sponsoring the first author to study in Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

    Ahmed Hafedh Mohammed Mohammed, Khairul Anuar Shariff & Hasmaliza Mohamad

  2. Department of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ahmed Hafedh Mohammed Mohammed

  3. Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia

    Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar

  4. Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan

    Kunio Ishikawa

  5. Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Aira Matsugaki & Takayoshi Nakano

  6. Anisotropic Design and Additive Manufacturing Research Centre, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Aira Matsugaki & Takayoshi Nakano

  7. Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Khairul Anuar Shariff

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  1. Ahmed Hafedh Mohammed Mohammed
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Mohammed Mohammed, A.H., Shariff, K.A., Bakar, M.H.A. et al. Pore size influence in fabricating DCPD-Coated Porous β-TCP granules: compositional, morphological, and functional group perspective. J Aust Ceram Soc (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-024-01029-3

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