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Effect of processing conditions on (Ba1-xCax)(Ti0.9Sn0.1)O3 lead-free ceramics for the enhancement of structural, humidity sensing and dielectric properties

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Abstract

The present study reports detailed guidelines for the preparation of high-quality perovskite (Ba1-xCax)(Ti0.9Sn0.1)O3 (BCTS) (x = 0.0–0.1) lead-free ceramics by solid state reaction. The compositions (x = 0.0–0.04) exhibit orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition (TO-T), except x ≥ 0.06 that shows a pure tetragonal structure phase which conformed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure and purity of the sintered ceramics were examined using scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Some pores existing in the grain boundary were observed at high concentrations of Ca content. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) was used to examine the morphology of sensing film of the calcined powder and it was prepared as a humidity sensor using screen-printing technique. All the compositions exhibited poor sensitivity toward the humidity sensing in the range of 0–98% RH at room temperature. Hot-stage microscope (HSM) has been used to investigate the sintering curve of the pure calcined powder and it was found that the suitable sintering temperature for obtaining a fully dense microstructure is 1400 °C. The highest values of permittivity (εr = 46,515, at 10 kHz) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 510 pC/N) were achieved in the composition x = 0.02. The difference between alumina and platinum crucibles for the processing of the powders has been introduced, and by the aid of dispersive spectrometer analysis and it was indicated that use of alumina crucibles leads to the undesired presence of Al in the ceramics, which can be prevented by using a capped platinum crucibles.

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Acknowledgments

Authors are immensely grateful to Prof. Jean Marc Tulliani (DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Italy) for his support and for Dr. A. Mohamed (Chemistry Department, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia) for his comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Funding

Abd El-razek and A. Afify received financial support from Erasmus-Mundus program (EMECW, WELCOME Project Action 2 (scholarship application number WELC1104035 and ELC11011869), respectively, Coordination Office: Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt

    Abd El-razek Mahmoud, E. M. Saed & M. K. Gergs

  2. Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy

    Abd El-razek Mahmoud & Ahmed S. Afify

  3. University Central Laboratory, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed S. Afify

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  1. Abd El-razek Mahmoud
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  2. Ahmed S. Afify
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  3. E. M. Saed
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  4. M. K. Gergs
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Correspondence to Abd El-razek Mahmoud.

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Mahmoud, A.Er., Afify, A.S., Saed, E.M. et al. Effect of processing conditions on (Ba1-xCax)(Ti0.9Sn0.1)O3 lead-free ceramics for the enhancement of structural, humidity sensing and dielectric properties. J Aust Ceram Soc 55, 933–942 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-018-00305-3

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