Abstract
Convection-permitting (CP) simulations were evaluated during the wet season from October 2009 to March 2010, characterized by numerous extreme daily rainfall events in southeastern South America. We analyzed six simulations using WRY (versions 3.8.1 and 3.9.0) and RegCM4, considering parameterized convective processes (20 km resolution, non-CP) and a nested CP domain (4 km resolution, with convective parameterization switched off). First, we assessed the performance of six gridded datasets (CMORPH, ERA5, GSMAP, MSWEP, PERSIANN, and TRMM) in reproducing 3-h accumulated precipitation observed in 54 stations. The station data exhibited highly diverse diurnal cycles of precipitation, with different times for maximum and minimum, often showing double peaks. The most intense peak is observed at 09:00 am local time (LT), representing nighttime precipitation. CMORPH and ERA5 showed better agreement with the observations. The non-CP simulations failed to capture the diversity of diurnal cycles observed, which is better captured by CP simulations. When comparing non-CP and CP, WRF-CP shifts the afternoon peaks (at 12:00 pm and 03:00 pm LT) to the morning (at 06:00–09:00 am LT), while RegCM4-CP shifts some peaks from dawn (at 03:00 am LT) to the morning (at 09:00 am LT). Both shifts, along with the increase in the diversity of diurnal cycles, are notable features to obtain better agreement of CP simulations with local observations. The observed morning peak of mean precipitation diurnal cycles is primarily influenced by higher frequency of heavy rainfall events rather than by their intensities.
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Data Availability
All observed gridded data and station observations are available and the access to these datasets is indicated in the methodology (see the links in Table 2). Simulations are available through a personal request to the first author.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the meteorological centers that provided the data used to validate the simulations. This work was partially supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq Grants #430314/2018-3, #304949/2018-3) and FAPESP (22/05476-2). Support from UBACYT2018 Grant 20020170100117BA and FONCYT Grant PICT2018-02496 is also acknowledged. J.F. and J.M. acknowledge support from project CORDyS (PID2020-116595RB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Funding
This work were funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo and UBACYT.
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RPR, ML, and MSR ran RegCM4-USP simulations and post-processed them, performed all calculations and figures, and wrote the text. JM and JF ran WRF-UCAN simulations and post-processed them, and reviewed the text. SS and MF ran WRF-CIMA simulations and post-processed them, and reviewed the text. EC and MLB helped in the simulation conceptualizations and in writing the text.
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da Rocha, R.P., Llopart, M., Reboita, M.S. et al. Precipitation Diurnal Cycle Assessment in Convection-Permitting Simulations in Southeastern South America. Earth Syst Environ 8, 1–19 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00361-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00361-1