Abstract
Organochlorines (OCP) and organophosphates (OPP) are synthetic agricultural pesticides utilized in pest control. Its residues are found within food matrixes long after application, and at a certain amount, it is considered significantly toxic upon consumption. Their concentrations in two species of freshly harvested Vigna unguiculata were examined. A mixture of hexane and acetone was used as extracting solvent, while identification and quantification, after sample clean-up, were executed using a gas chromatography–electron capture detector (GC–ECD). Health risk associated with the consumption of the beans was assessed using hazard index and hazard quotient. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks amongst consumers of Vigna unguiculata from study area were also determined. Eleven organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and seven organophosphate pesticide (OPP) residues were ascertained in white species, while twelve OCPs and seven OPPs were found in brown species. The results revealed mean OCP and OPP concentrations in white species to range from 0.0067 ± 0.0012 to 0.661 ± 0.403 mg/kg and 0.006 ± 0.001 to 3.000 ± 2.413 mg/kg, respectively. In brown species, OCP mean concentration levels were within 0.010 ± 0.006–0.527 ± 0.336 mg/kg, while OPPs were within 0.068 ± 0.007–1.195 ± 0.150 mg/kg. Four OPP residues were above maximum residue levels (MRL) in both species. Five OCPs in white beans and six OCP residues in brown beans were above the recommended MRLs, respectively. The health risk index (HRI) and hazard quotient (HQ) recorded were greater than one (> 1) for Dieldrin residue in brown beans, indicating the likelihood of Dieldrin to cause toxic health issues. Hazard index for total OCP and OPP burden in white (1.838) and brown (2.515) beans was also > 1. With the exceptions in 4,4-DDE in brown, and p,p’-DDD in both species, other residues recorded cancer risk (CR) values > 10–6 suggesting a probable carcinogenic health risk from consumption of both Vigna unguiculata species. The correlation analysis indicated no significant difference between the concentration of pesticides in the brown and white Vigna unguiculata which implies that concentration of pesticides in one does not affect the concentration in the other species. It could be seen that the practice of using banned pesticides for agricultural purposes is still obtained in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that the regulatory agencies saddled with the responsibility of enforcing the ban should live up to expectation.
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Article Highlights
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Eleven organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and seven organophosphate pesticide (OPP) residues were detected in white specie, while twelve OCPs and seven OPPs were found in brown specie.
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Five and six OCP residues were above recommended MRLs in white and brown species respectively.
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A health risk index (HRI) and hazard quotient (HQ) >1 was recorded for Dieldrin residue in brown beans, hence a likelihood to cause toxic health issues.
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With the exceptions in 4,4-DDE in brown, and p,p’-DDD in both species, other residues recorded cancer risk (CR) values > 10-6 suggesting a probable carcinogenic health risk in 1 in 1 million people from consumption of both bean species.
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Abugu, H.O., Alum, O.L., Ucheana, I.A. et al. Screening, Spatial Distribution and Human Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Freshly Harvested Vigna unguiculata. Int J Environ Res 17, 50 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-023-00537-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-023-00537-7