Abstract
Oil palm fronds (OPF) were used to prepare biochar products using slow pyrolysis in a top-lit updraft furnace at 438 °C under oxygen-limited conditions. OPF biochar showed a BET surface area of 68.98 m2 g−1 and a strong peak of O–H and C=C using FT-IR analysis. The potential of OPF biochar as a bioadsorbent for removing residual pollutants from concentrated latex industrial effluent was investigated in batch mode. At the dosage of 15 g L−1 of OPF biochar and the contact time of 4 h, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), sulfate, and sulfide removal were achieved at 41.2%, 87.6%, 58.8%, and 56.8%, respectively. The pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order reactions were compared to describe the sulfate adsorption kinetics on OPF biochar. The pseudo-second-order model demonstrated a good fit to the experimental data with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 12.85 mg g−1. In addition, the adsorption isotherms were carried out using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was observed that the predicted values from the Freundlich isotherm model showed good agreement with the experimental data. The study results established that OPF biochar as a cost-effective absorbent could be applied to the removal of contaminants from real latex industrial wastewater.
Graphical Abstract
Article Highlights
-
OPF biochar as a cost-effective absorbent effectively removed residual pollutants from real latex industrial wastewater.
-
The adsorption isotherm and the adsorption kinetics of sulfate on OPF biochar were studied.
-
The equilibrium adsorption capacity of OPF biochar was 12.85 mg g−1.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akoh F, Bouchoum H, Bouchti ME, Cherkaoui O, Jada A, Tahiri M (2020) Sulfate removal from aqueous solutions using esterified wool fibers: isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Desalin Water Treat 194:417–428. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25461
Al-Wabel MI, Al-Omran A, El-Naggar AH, Nadeem M, Usman ARA (2013) Pyrolysis temperature induced changes in characteristics and chemical composition of biochar produced from conocarpus wastes. Bioresour Technol 131:374–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.165
Amalina F, Razak ASA, Krishnan S, Sulaiman H, Zularisam AW, Nasrullah M (2022) Biochar production techniques utilizing biomass waste-derived materials and environmental applications—a review. J Hazard Mater Adv 7:100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100134
Angin D, Altintig E, Kose TE (2013) Influence of process parameters on the surface and chemical properties of activated carbon obtained from biochar by chemical activation. Bioresour Technol 148:542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.164
APHA, AWWA, & WEF (2005) Standard method of the examination of the water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
ASTM (2013) D3172: standard practice for proximate analysis of coal and coke. ASTM International, Pennsylvania
Bernardino CAR, Mahler CF, Veloso MCC, Romeiro GA (2017) Preparation of biochar from sugarcane by-product filter mud by slow pyrolysis and its use like adsorbent. Waste Biomass Valori 8:2511–2521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9728-5
Chaiprapat S, Wongchana S, Loykulnant S, Kongkaew C, Charnnok B (2015) Evaluating sulfuric acid reduction, substitution, and recovery to improve environmental performance and biogas productivity in rubber latex industry. Process Saf Environ Prot 94:420–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.10.002
Chia CH, Gong B, Joseph SD, Marjo CE, Munroe P, Rich AM (2012) Imaging of mineral-enriched biochar by FTIR, Raman and SEM–EDX. Vib Spectrosc 62:248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2012.06.006
Dolatabad AA, Ganjidoust H, Ayati H (2022) Application of waste-derived activated red mud/base treated rice husk composite in sulfate adsorption from aqueous solution. Int J Environ Res 16:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00381-7
Elias MA, Hadibarata T, Sathishkumar P (2021) Modified oil palm industry solid waste as a potential adsorbent for lead removal. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 3:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2020.10.003
Hudaib B (2021) Treatment of real industrial wastewater with high sulfate concentrations using modified Jordanian kaolin sorbent: batch and modelling studies. Heliyon 7:e08351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08351
Izhar TNT, Kee GH, Saad FNM, Rahim SZA, Zakarya IA, Besom MRC, Ibad M, Syafiuddin A (2022) Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from municipal solid waste by using biochars. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 12:8057–8069. https://doi.org/10.33263/briac126.80578069
Jadhav A, Ahmed I, Baloch AG, Jadhav H, Nizamuddin S, Siddiqui MTH, Baloch HA, Qureshi SS, Mubarak NM (2021) Utilization of oil palm fronds for bio-oil and bio-char production using hydrothermal liquefaction technology. Biomass Convers Biorefin 11:1465–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00517-y
Kamarudin NS, Dahalan FA, Hasan M, An OS, Parmin NA, Ibrahim N, Hamdzah M, Zain NAM, Muda K, Wikurendra EA (2022) Biochar: A review of its history, characteristics, factors that influence its yield, methods of production, application in wastewater treatment and recent development. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 12:7914–7926. https://doi.org/10.33263/briac126.79147926
Kongto P, Palamanit A, Ninduangdee P, Singh Y, Chanakaewsomboon I, Hayat A, Wae-hayee M (2022) Intensive exploration of the fuel characteristics of biomass and biochar from oil palm trunk and oil palm fronds for supporting increasing demand of solid biofuels in Thailand. Energy Rep 8:5640–5652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.04.033
Lawal AA, Hassan MA, Zakaria MR, Yusoff MZM, Norrrahim MNF, Mokhtar MN, Shirai Y (2021) Effect of oil palm biomass cellulosic content on nanopore structure and adsorption capacity of biochar. Bioresour Technol 332:125070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125070
Lee Y, Park J, Ryu C, Gang KS, Yang W, Park YK, Jung J, Hyun S (2013) Comparison of biochar properties from biomass residues produced by slow pyrolysis at 500°C. Bioresour Technol 148:196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.135
Lee XJ, Lee LY, Gan S, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Ng HK (2017) Biochar potential evaluation of palm oil wastes through slow pyrolysis: thermochemical characterization and pyrolytic kinetic studies. Bioresour Technol 236:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.105
Liu XH, Xu CH, Sun SQ, Huang J, Zhang K, Li GY, Zhu Y, Zhou Q, Zhang ZC, Wang JH (2012) Discrimination of different genuine Danshen and their extracts by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A 97:290–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.06.013
Mahmood WMFW, Ariffin MA, Harun Z, Md Ishak NAI, Ghanil JA, Ab Rahman MN (2015) Characterisation and potential use of biochar from gasified oil palm wastes. J Eng Sci Technol 10:45–54. https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Special%20Issue%20UKM_ITC%202014/JESTEC-%20UKMITC_6_2015_045_054.pdf
Md Som A, Wang Z, Al-Tabbaa A (2012) Palm frond biochar production and characterization. Earth Environ Sci Trans R Soc Edinb 103:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691012000035
Mohamad AHH, Zainuddin MRKV (2021) Belt and road initiatives and the competitiveness of natural rubber exports: evidence from the BRI region. J Asian Finance Econ Bus 8:145–155. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO11.0145
Mohammadi M, Man HC, Hassan MA, Yee PL (2010) Treatment of wastewater from rubber industry in Malaysia. Afr J Biotechnol 9:6233–6243. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.031
Mohan D, Sarswat A, Ok YS, Pittman CU (2014) Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent—a critical review. Bioresour Technol 160:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.120
Office of Agricultural Economics (2020) Agricultural economic information. Available via DIALOG. http://www.oae.go.th/view/1/Home/EN-US, Accessed 23 August 2022
Ok YS, Uchimiya SM, Chang SX, Bolan N (2016) Biochar: production, characterization, and applications. CRC Press, Florida
Oliveira FR, Patel AK, Jaisi DP, Adhikari S, Lu H, Khanal SK (2017) Environmental application of biochar: current status and perspectives. Bioresour Technol 246:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.122
Oyekanmi AA, Alshammari MB, Ibrahim MNM, Hanafiah MM, Elnaggar AY, Ahmad A, Oyediran AT, Rosli MA, MohdSetapar SH, Nik Daud NN, Hussein EE (2022) Highly effective cow bone based biocomposite for the sequestration of organic pollutant parameter from palm oil mill effluent in a fixed bed column adsorption system. Polymers 14:86. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010086
Promraksa A, Rakmak N (2020) Biochar production from palm oil mill residues and application of the biochar to adsorb carbon dioxide. Heliyon 6:e04019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04019
Qian K, Kumar A, Zhang H, Bellmer D, Huhnke R (2015) Recent advances in utilization of biochar. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.074
Raketh M, Kongjan P, Sani K, Trably E, Cheirsilp B, Jariyaboon R (2022) Biodegradation efficiencies and economic feasibility of single-stage and two-stage anaerobic digestion of desulfated Skim Latex Serum (SLS) by using rubber wood ash. Process Saf Environ Prot 162:721–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.04.043
Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P (2019) The potential of lignocellulosic biomass precursors for biochar production: performance, mechanism and wastewater application—a review. Ind Crops Prod 128:405–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.041
Sahota S, Vijay VK, Subbarao PMV, Chandra R, Ghosh P, Shah G, Kapoor R, Vijay V, Koutu V, Thakur IS (2018) Characterization of leaf waste based biochar for cost effective hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas. Bioresour Technol 250:635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.093
Saosee P, Sajjakulnukit B, Gheewala SH (2022) Environmental externalities of wood pellets from fast-growing and para-rubber trees for sustainable energy production: A case in Thailand. Energy Convers Manag 14:100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100183
Shang GF, Shen GQ, Wang TT, Chen Q (2012) Effectiveness and mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide adsorption by camphor-derived biochar. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 62:873–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.686441
Tejada-Tovar C, Villabona-Ortíz Á, Gonzalez-Delgado AD, Herrera A, Viera De la Voz A (2021) Efficient sulfate adsorption on modified adsorbents prepared from Zea mays stems. Appl Sci 11:1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041596
Tran HN, You S-J, Chao HP (2016) Effect of pyrolysis temperatures and times on the adsorption of cadmium onto orange peel derived biochar. Waste Manag Res 34:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15615698
Wongkhat J, Pattamaprom C (2022) Enzymatic approach in accelerating colloidal stability of concentrated natural rubber latex and its effect on rubber products. Ind Crops Prod 182:14892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114892
Xu X, Cao X, Zhao L, Sun T (2014) Comparison of sewage sludge- and pig manure-derived biochars for hydrogen sulfide removal. Chemosphere 111:296–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.014
Yaashikaa PR, Kumar PS, Varjani S, Saravanan A (2020) A critical review on the biochar production techniques, characterization, stability and applications for circular bioeconomy. Biotechnol Rep 28:e00570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00570
Zhang H, Voroney R, Price G (2015) Effects of temperature and processing conditions on biochar chemical properties and their influence on soil C and N transformations. Soil Biol Biochem 83:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.006
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Royal Thai Government Scholarship (Ministry of Science and Technology) and Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, for providing research grants. The second and third authors are supported by the Thailand Research Fund under Grant No. RTA6280014.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sutarut, P., Cheirsilp, B. & Boonsawang, P. The Potential of Oil Palm Frond Biochar for the Adsorption of Residual Pollutants from Real Latex Industrial Wastewater. Int J Environ Res 17, 16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00503-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00503-9