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Adsorption of Phenol from Wastewater Using Microwave-Assisted Ag–Au Nanoparticle-Modified Mango Seed Shell-Activated Carbon

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Abstract

Removal of phenol from simulated wastewater was investigated with silver–gold-nanoparticle-modified mango seed shell-activated carbon under batch experiment. The surface properties of the activated carbons were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption experiment was carried out at ambient temperature to study the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on phenol adsorption. The equilibrium data were fitted to isotherm model, kinetic model, and intra-particle diffusion models. The maximum removal efficiencies increased from 55.5 to 94.55 and 71.4 to 98.1% for the unmodified and nano-modified activated carbon with increase concentration (50–250 mg/l). The correlation coefficient (R2) Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin were 0.3554–0.4563 and 0.2813–0.3191, 0.9150–0.9596 for nanoparticle-modified activated carbon (NCAMSS), as well as 0.5853–0.6598, 0.8159–0.8642, and 0.8159–0.8642, for unmodified activated carbon (UCAMSS). The R2 of the pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders as well as Elovich kinetic models were in the ranges 0.8661–0.9925, 0.8260–0.9942, and 0.6032–0.7505 for NCAMSS as well as 0.4846–0.6032, 0.9567–0.9929, and 0.8842–0.9786, for UCAMSS and modified activated carbon, respectively, The order of fitness/suitability of the models is pseudo-first order > Elovich > pseudo-second order. The intra-particle diffusion model showed that the rate-controlling step is influenced by pore diffusion and that boundary layer diffusion and the adsorption process is heterogeneous, exothermic, and spontaneous. It can be deduced that mango seed shell is a good precursor in the production of activated due to its high yield and good adsorption capacity and the modification of the activated carbon with nanoparticles increased the precursor adsorption properties.

Article Highlights

  • Biosynthesises of silver/gold nanoparticles was successfully used to modify activated carbon developed from mango seed shell.

  • The FTIR of the Mango seed shell AC and the nanoparticle-modified Mango seed shell AC indicated the presence of IR peak ranged from 729.5 to 3902.9 cm−1 and 717.8 to 3985.3 cm−1, respectively.

  • The adsorption results of both nanoparticle-modified and unmodified AC indicated removal efficiencies increased from 55.5 to 94.55% and 71.4 to 98.1%, respectively.

  • Freundlich isotherm is suitable to fit the adsorption of phenol unto activated carbon produced from mango seed shell.

  • The ΔH° values gotten were negative which varied from − 8.8212 to − 22.8643 KJ/mol for the unmodified AC and − 3.694 KJ/mol to − 31.402 KJ/mol for nanoparticle-modified ACs. This showed that the adsorption process of phenol was spontaneous and exothermic.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria

    Idris Olanrewaju Okeowo, Ezekiel Olalekan Balogun, Ayodeji Joshua Ademola, Abass Olanrewaju Alade, Tinuade Jolaade Afolabi & Ebenezer Olujimi Dada

  2. Bioenvironmental, Water and Engineering Research Group (BWERG), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria

    Idris Olanrewaju Okeowo, Ezekiel Olalekan Balogun, Ayodeji Joshua Ademola, Abass Olanrewaju Alade, Tinuade Jolaade Afolabi & Abolaji Grace Farombi

  3. Science and Engineering Research Group (SAERG), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria

    Abass Olanrewaju Alade

  4. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria

    Abolaji Grace Farombi

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  1. Idris Olanrewaju Okeowo
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  2. Ezekiel Olalekan Balogun
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Correspondence to Abass Olanrewaju Alade.

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Okeowo, I.O., Balogun, E.O., Ademola, A.J. et al. Adsorption of Phenol from Wastewater Using Microwave-Assisted Ag–Au Nanoparticle-Modified Mango Seed Shell-Activated Carbon. Int J Environ Res 14, 215–233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-020-00244-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-020-00244-7

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