Abstract
With the increase of population and the improvement of people’s living standards, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) increases rapidly. It is a challenge for the cities in developing countries to deal with these MSW economically and environmentally. This paper proposed an integrated framework which combines the grey system theory and mathematical programming model to deal with MSW management. First, the factors affecting MSW generation are analyzed and screened out by grey correlation analysis. The factors with higher priority are selected to perform the regression analysis. The generation of MSW is predicted based on the grey model GM (1,1). Second, a multi-period planning model is proposed to optimize MSW management of Qingdao City, China. The model is formulated as mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the scenario with variable capacities of treatment plants and mixed integer linear programming (MILP) for the scenario with given capacities of treatment plants. Four different scenarios are considered: minimum cost scenario with and without variable capacities, minimum carbon emissions with and without variable capacities. The results indicate that the average cost of MSW treatment for the minimum cost scenario with and without variable capacities is 28.32$/t and 27.92 $/t, respectively. The average carbon emission for the minimum emission scenario with and without variable capacities is 0.751 t CO2/t MSW and 0.721 t CO2/t MSW, respectively. This shows the variable expansion capacities of disposal technologies could reduce the cost and carbon emission of MSW treatment compared with the scenario with given capacities. The findings are useful for the decision-maker to adopt effective policy for MSW management. It provides a systematic method for MSW management for other developing countries.
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Data Availability
All data are provided in the manuscript.
Abbreviations
- j:
-
MSW treatment technology
- t:
-
The period of MSW planning
- \(\gamma\) :
-
The proportion of waste generated during compost process
- \(\varphi\) :
-
The proportion of ash generated in incineration plant
- \(\mu\) :
-
The retention rate of the capacity of incineration facilities
- \(\upomega\) :
-
The retention rate of the capacity of compositing plant
- \(\theta\) :
-
The lower bound of the ratio of MSW treated by incineration plant
- \(\delta\) :
-
The upper bound of the ratio of MSW treated by landfilling site
- \({\beta }_{t}\) :
-
The sorting rate of MSW at period t
- \({\alpha }_{re,t}\) :
-
The proportion of recyclable waste in waste at period t
- \({\alpha }_{org,t}\) :
-
The proportion of food waste in total waste at period t
- \({\beta }_{t}\) :
-
Garbage classification recovery at period t
- \({M}_{t}\) :
-
The total amount of waste generated at period t
- \({MRFC}_{t}\) :
-
The unit operating cost of MSW treated by 3R at period t
- \({WTEC}_{t}\) :
-
The unit operating cost of MSW treated by incineration at period t
- \({COMPC}_{t}\) :
-
The unit operating cost of MSW treated by composting at period t
- \({LFC}_{t}\) :
-
The unit operating cost of MSW treated by landfilling at period t
- \({CCLF}_{t}\) :
-
The unit capital cost of MSW treated by landfilling at period t
- \({CCCOMP}_{t}\) :
-
The unit capital cost of MSW treated by composting at period t
- \({CCWTE}_{t}\) :
-
The unit capital cost of MSW treated by incineration plant at period t
- \({RLF}_{t}\) :
-
The revenue per unit MSW treated by landfilling at period t
- \({RMRF}_{t}\) :
-
The revenue per unit MSW treated by 3R at period t
- \({RWTE}_{t}\) :
-
The revenue per unit MSW treated by incineration plant at period t
- \({RCOMP}_{t}\) :
-
The revenue per unit MSW treated by composting at period t
- \({SC}_{t}\) :
-
The unit cost of MSW sorting at period t
- \({UTC}_{t}\) :
-
The unit cost of MSW transporting at period t
- \({CELF}_{t}\) :
-
The carbon emission per unit MSW treated by landfilling at period t
- \({CEWTE}_{t}\) :
-
The carbon emission per unit MSW treated by incineration at period t
- \({CECOMP}_{t}\) :
-
The carbon emission per unit MSW treated by composting at period t
- \({Q}_{nre,t}\) :
-
The amount of non-recyclable waste generated at period t
- \({Q}_{org,t}\) :
-
The amount of food waste produced at period t
- \({Q}_{re,t}\) :
-
The amount of recyclable waste generated at period t
- \({TQMRF}_{t}\) :
-
The total amount of recyclable waste treated by 3R facility at period t
- \({TQCOMP}_{t}\) :
-
The total amount of waste treated by compost facility at period t
- \({TQWTE}_{t}\) :
-
The total amount of waste treated by incineration facility at period t
- \({TQLF}_{t}\) :
-
The total amount of waste treated by landfill plant at period t
- \({QNRE}_{j,t}\) :
-
The amount of non-recyclable waste treated by technology j at period t
- \({QORG}_{j,t}\) :
-
The amount of organic waste treated by technology j at period t
- \({QCOMP}_{j,t}\) :
-
The amount of waste generated at compost facilities treated by technology j at period t
- \({QWTE}_{j,t}\) :
-
The amount of ash generated at incineration facilities treated by technology j at period t
- \({CWTE}_{t}\) :
-
The capacity of incineration facilities at period t
- \({CCOMP}_{t}\) :
-
The capacity of compost facilities at period t
- \({CLF}_{t}\) :
-
The capacity of landfill plant at period t
- \({NCWTE}_{t}\) :
-
The expanded capacity of incineration plant at period t
- \({NCCOMP}_{t}\) :
-
The expanded capacity of compost plant at period t
- \({NCLF}_{t}\) :
-
The expanded capacity of landfill plant at period t
- \({TOC}_{t}\) :
-
The total operating cost at period t
- \({TCC}_{t}\) :
-
The total capital cost at period t
- \({TSC}_{t}\) :
-
The total cost of MSW sorting at period t
- \({TTC}_{t}\) :
-
The total cost of MSW transportation at period t
- TCE :
-
The total cost of MSW system for the time horizon of interest
- \({x}_{t}\) :
-
The binary decision variable to decide whether the incineration plant is expanded or not at period t. If the facility is expanded, its value is 1; otherwise, it is 0.
- \({y}_{t}\) :
-
The binary decision variable to decide whether the compost facility is expanded or not at period t. If the facility is expanded, its value is 1; otherwise, it is 0.
- \({z}_{t}\) :
-
The binary decision variable to decide whether the landfill facility is expanded or not at period t. If the facility is expanded, its value is 1; otherwise, it is 0
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Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52100072, 52100213), the Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (KM202010017006), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8214056), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. JZ2021HGTA0159 and no. JZ2021HGQA0212), and the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education (no. GCP202109).
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Sgufen Zhao: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, and editing.
Tiantian Ren: visualization, writing—reviewing and editing.
Lei Ma: visualization, writing—reviewing and editing.
Zhiwei Li: supervision, software, investigation, data curation, validation, visualization, writing—reviewing and editing.
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Zhao, S., Ren, T., Ma, L. et al. Multi-period Planning of Municipal Solid Waste Management: a Case Study in Qingdao. Process Integr Optim Sustain 7, 107–126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-022-00279-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-022-00279-7