Abstract
Current biodiesel production remains unsustainable and costly due to the use of refined edible oils as feedstock. The use of non-edible oils such as Karanja oil would contribute to making biodiesel production economically competitive based on its availability and low cost. This study determines the optimal esterification conditions of Karanja oil for biodiesel production using fuzzy optimization. It involves determining a compromise solution on the conversion of the free fatty acid (FFA) content in Karanja oil with its cumulative uncertainty error (YQ) and the total operating cost (CT). The variables considered in the esterification process include the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (4:1 to 8:1), catalyst loading (0.5 to 2.5 wt%), reaction time (60 to 120 min), and duty cycle (50 to 90%). The Pareto front generation was used to determine the upper and lower boundary limits of YQ and CT as the underlying basis in the fuzzy optimization process. Results indicated an overall satisfaction level of 64.68% for the conversion and cost. The optimal conditions of the variables were 5:1 molar ratio, 0.85 wt% catalyst loading, 79% duty cycle, and 89.35 min. These conditions yielded a YQ of 68% and a total operating cost of USD 0.12 per liter of Karanja oil esterified. A comparative assessment with a previous literature showed a conversion with an amenable compromise efficiency by 13.51% that resulted in a cheaper price (24.86% lower). This study contributes in generating more efficient process of biodiesel production through process integration.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Animo Repository, https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdb_chemeng/4.
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See, C.D.O., Pascual, M.P.I.P., Buenviaje, C.Q. et al. Fuzzy Optimization of the Esterification Conditions of Biodiesel Production from Karanja Oil. Process Integr Optim Sustain 6, 657–668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-022-00236-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-022-00236-4