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Unconventional apparatuses and diagnostic techniques for studying negative ion plasmas in laboratory devices

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Abstract

Negative ion plasmas at low temperatures are essential for a wide variety of plasma applications, including neutral beam injection heating in fusion devices, oxide thin layer deposition on substrates, and reactive ion etching. These plasmas are produced in an atmosphere of gases that attach to electrons, which have a propensity to absorb electrons and form negative ions. The formation of negative ions can occur via the dissociative attachment of gaseous molecules in bulk or from the interaction of energetic neutrals and positive ions with low-work-function surfaces. Due to their low mobility, the negative ions generally tend to remain confined inside bulk plasma by the electrostatic potential in the pre-sheath. As a result, the characteristic speed of positive ions at the sheath boundary is greatly affected. The sheath and the pre-sheath region are also responsible for the acceleration of surface-produced negative ions toward the bulk plasma. Sheaths containing negative ions also have significance in the diagnostic applications of plasma probes. For the production of negative ions in the bulk phase, the energy distribution of electrons needs to be suitably controlled. Therefore, the underlying state of the art is to create and characterize these plasmas systematically in laboratory plasmas. This paper provides a concise overview of the novel plasma sources and diagnostic techniques that our lab has created over the last 10 years to study negative ion plasmas. Furthermore, a basic analytical model was developed for a planar, one-dimensional plate to investigate the influence of negative ion emission from surfaces and how it affects sheaths and pre-sheaths when negative ions are present. The study offers a novel viewpoint on how these resources might be utilized to improve the development of reliable plasma and diagnostic systems that are beneficial for negative ion research. To highlight the significance of the aforementioned advancements, a concise summary of pertinent works has been incorporated.

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Acknowledgements

To begin with, I would like to express my gratitude to Professors Kikuchi, Abhijeet Sen, and R. Ganesh for giving me the chance to present the work at the 4th Asia-Pacific Conference in Plasma Physics. Sincere thanks to Dr. Avnish Kumar Pandey for his excellent proofreading and assistance with the article’s formulation. The materials of the paper about their doctoral works were provided to me by Dr. Nishant Sirse, Dr. Avnish Pandey, and Mr. Pawandeep Singh. I am grateful to Ms. Yashashri Patil and Dr. Nageswara Rao Epuru for helping to set up the pulsed photo-detachment studies at IPR. Pawandeep Singh, Swati, Satadal Das, Jay Joshi, Montu P. Bhuva, Shikha Binwal, Mubarak Mujawar, and G. S. Gogna, my Ph.D. students, have made contributions to the development of plasma sources and hairpin probe diagnostics. I would like to express my profound gratitude for the many intellectual exchanges and assistance I received from Dr. Paul Swift, Dr. Jim Conway, Dr. Bert Ellingboe, and Prof. Miles Turner while conducting research at Dublin City University in Ireland. My sincere gratitude is extended to our current director, Dr. Shashank Chaturvedi, for continuing to support this programme, as well as to Prof. P. K. Kaw, the former director of IPR, for providing me with the chance to start the experimental research on negative ions at IPR. Finally, I sincerely thank Prof. P.I. John for being my Ph.D. supervisor.

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    Shantanu Kumar Karkari

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Karkari, S.K. Unconventional apparatuses and diagnostic techniques for studying negative ion plasmas in laboratory devices. Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys. 8, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-024-00146-7

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