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Optimizing 3D magnetic perturbations for edge instability control in the KSTAR tokamak

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A Correction to this article was published on 16 March 2024

This article has been updated

Abstract

A small non-axisymmetric (3D) magnetic field can offer invaluable ways for instability control in tokamaks when optimally used, as has been highlighted by the edge-localized mode (ELM) control using a resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP). While the inherent complexity due to its 3D nature constantly poses scientific challenges, recent research progresses have been increasing the prospects of universal predictive capabilities on RMP ELM suppression. A successful framework has been developed based on integrated perturbative models under international collaborations centered around the Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR), as will be reviewed in this article. This framework separates the interaction between 3D coils and resonant fields as the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) outer-layer process in fast time scales, from the dynamics of resonant field penetration as the narrow boundary layer process in non-ideal MHD time scales. The major profile alterations can occur only when the resonant field becomes strong enough to penetrate and bifurcate to new magnetic island topologies. This hypothesis enables simplified 3D field optimizations once the field penetration thresholds are identified. The prediction of the field penetration thresholds require non-linear MHD simulations but can be simplified by isolating it from outer-layer response, successfully explaining key parametric dependencies and accessibility conditions for RMP ELM suppression. Improved understanding has been leveraged to expand physics basis for underlying transport in fully geometry, as recent perturbative 3D simulations are revealing the complex interplays across classical and non-classical transport, between Kink and tearing mode structures, between closed- and open-field lines which are important to optimize power flux to plasma facing components. The pre-programmed predictive optimization of 3D tokamak scenarios can then be combined with an adaptive RMP control to find the optimal trade-off between stability and confinement. The above approaches under this framework are not based on the first principles but are indeed providing unique guidances for 3D tokamak design, optimization, and control.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings introduced in this paper will be available from the corresponding author, J.-K. Park and his co-authors, upon reasonable request.

Change history

  • 04 March 2024

    The incorrect author's name “R. Fitzpatrickk” in two references has been corrected to “R. Fitzpatrick”.

  • 16 March 2024

    A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-024-00151-w

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge a number of US collaborators who are participating in the project named "Physics Basis, Optimization, and Control for Integrated 3D Edge Long-Pulse Tokamak Scenarios" and offering the materials used in this particle. They are Qiming Hu, Seong Moo Yang, Caoxiang Zhu in Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, SangKeyun Kim, Richardo Shousha, Egemen Kolemen in Princeton University, Jonathan Van Blarcum, Heinke Frerichs in University of Wisconsin - Madison, Nikolas Logan in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Shuai Gu, Tyler Cotes, Yueqiang Liu in General Atomics, Nils Leuthold, Carlos Paz-Soldan in Columbia University, Dmitri Orlov in University of California - San Diego, Javier Hernandez Nicolau, Zhihong Lin in University of California - Urvine. The cooperations by KSTAR collaborations are also greatly appreciated, particularly by Yongkyoon In, Jinyoung Heo in Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Gunyoung Park, Wonha Ko, Young-Mu Jeon in Korean Institute of Fusion Energy. In particular, the author and collaborators are much indebted to Todd E. Evans who was collaborating in the project but unfortunately passed away, as the mentor for all with unparalleled scientific impact for the field discussed in this article. This work was supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466 for Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), by R&D Program of “KSTAR Experimental Collaboration and Fusion Plasma Research (EN2201-13)" through the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) funded by Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), by the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant No. RS-2023-00281272 funded by MSIT, and also by the New Faculty Startup Fund from Seoul National University.

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  1. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA

    Jong-Kyu Park

  2. Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea

    Jong-Kyu Park

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Park, JK. Optimizing 3D magnetic perturbations for edge instability control in the KSTAR tokamak. Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys. 8, 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-023-00137-0

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