Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Surviving in the Land of the Dead: Bantu Religion in the Brazilian Diaspora

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
International Journal of Latin American Religions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper seeks to identify elements of Bantu religion that, almost 500 years after the arrival of the first Bantu slaves, remain existent in Brazilian culture, especially in AfroBrazilian religions. For this purpose, I will analyze literature on the cosmology of Bantu peoples in Congo and Angola and compare the findings to Afro-Brazilian religious concepts that are known to be of Bantu origin. I then will apply the concepts of Brazilian Modernist Anthropophagy, Amerindian Perspectivism, and form as defined by Eduardo Kohn to try and understand the mechanisms of the survival of Bantu practices in Brazil, where they have been openly discarded and discriminated against for centuries. My goal is to show that the often described passivity and willingness to give up their ways in favor of syncretism and acculturation of Bantu slaves may have been a far more active survival strategy than one might think.

Resumo

Neste artigo procuro identificar elementos de religião banta que continuam existindo na cultura brasileira, especialmente nas religiões de matriz africana, quase 500 anos depois da chegada dos primeiros escravos bantos no Brasil. Para este fim tratarei de analisar a literatura sobre a cosmologia dos povos bantos no Congo e na Angola e compararei os resultados com conceitos religiosos afrobrasileiros conhecidos como de origem banta. Em seguida aplicarei os conceitos da antropofagia modernista brasileira, do perspectivismo ameríndio e da forma , na definição de Eduardo Kohn, para tentar entender os mecanismos da sobrevivência de práticas bantas no Brasil, onde elas tem sido descartadas e discriminadas por séculos. O meu objetivo é de mostrar que a passividade e a disposição para e entrega da própria maneira de ser em favor do sincretismo e da aculturação, do que os escravos bantos tanto foram acusados, possivelmente tenham sido uma estratégia de sobrevivência bem mais ativa do que aparecem.

Resumen

En este artigo busco identificar elementos de la religión de los pueblos de lengua bantú que siguen existiendo en la cultura brasileña, especialmente en las religiones de matriz africana, casi 500 años depués de la llegada de los primeros esclavos bantús en Brasil. Con este fin, trataré de analizar la literatura sobre la cosmología de los pueblos bantús en Congo y Angola y compararé los resultados con conceptos religiosos afro-brasileños descritos como de origen bantú. En seguida, aplicaré los conceptos de la antropofagía modernista brasileña, del perspectivismo ameríndio y de la forma , en la definición de Eduardo Kohn, para buscar entender los mecanismos de la sobrevivencia de prácticas bantús en Brasil, lugar donde han sido descartadas y discriminadas durante siglos. Mi meta es demonstrar que lo que tanto se habló de la pasividad de los esclavos bantús y de la entrega de su própio modo de ser en favor del sincretismo y de la aculturación posiblemente haya sido una estrategia de sobrevivencia bastante más activa de lo que aparecen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The term “Bantu” is used here for speakers of the Bantu languages in Southwestern Africa as well as for Bantu speakers taken to Brazil as slaves, and their descendants.

  2. Which is also true for Yoruban Candomblé in Bahia and other Afro-Brazilian religions.

  3. Interestingly, the term Candomblé, used mainly for the Yoruba-Nagô religious practices from Bahia which claim an elevated state of “pureness” of tradition, is also a Bantu word (Castro 1983: 83).

  4. Marques (2017: 85–86) gives an overview of different explanations for the term.

  5. When talking about Pomba Gira as an entity, I use capital letters. When mentioning pomba giras as a category of spirits, I use italics.

  6. Note that the terminology is due to MacGaffey having been a missionary and also to the time of his stay in the field. This is not an emic term.

  7. “According to the BaKongo the dead lived across the water and where of white color; the word for “white clay” in their language meant also “cemetery’”and “land of the dead.” (my translation, interpreting “über dem Wasser”, literally “above the water”, as “beyond the water”, as in the term Übersee for America)

  8. In English: “The Masters and the Slaves”.

  9. “I asked a man what was Right. He answered me it was the guarantee of the execution of possibility. That man is called Galli Mathias. I ate him.” (my translation).

  10. The Napo Runa, among whom Kohn carried out his fieldwork, associate these spirit masters with white people (Kohn 2013: 168), just like European slave traders were associated with the dead in Bantu cosmology. The spirit masters also are said to have a view on the world that is quite different from the human one (178).

References

  • Brown DD (1994) Umbanda: religion and politics in urban Brazil. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Capone S (2000) Entre Yoruba e Bantou: l'influence des stéréotypes raciaux dans les études afro-américaines. Cahier d'Études Africaines 157(XL-1):55–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, Juliana Barros Brant & Bairrão, José Francisco Miguel Henriques (2019) Umbanda and quimbanda: back alternative to white morality. Psicol USP 30:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, Yeda Pessoa de (1983) Das línguas africanas ao português brasileiro. Afro-Asia 14:81–106

    Google Scholar 

  • de Andrade O (1928) Manifesto Antropófago. Revista de Antropofagia Ano I(I):3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes KE (2008) Wicked women and femmes fatales: gender, power, ans’d Pomba Gira in Brazil. The University of Chicago, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaia AC (2012) Umbanda, Intelectuais e Nacionalismo no Brasil. Fênix – Revista de História e Estudos Culturais. Set./Out./Nov./Dez. De 2012, Ano IX 9(3):1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen JM (1992) Ngoma. Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa. Berkely, Los Angeles, University of California Press, Oxford

  • Kleinhempel UR (2018) Retrieving African traditional religion from the Fringes –Umbanda and the Brazilian traditions as a source. Journal for the Study of the Religions of Africa and its Diaspora 4(1):76–81

  • Kohl K-H (2003) Die Macht der Dinge. C.H. Beck München

  • Kohn E (2013) How forests think: toward an anthropology beyond the human. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes N (2015) Religiosidade na Diáspora: continuidade e permanência. In: Souza, Rolf Malungo de (organização): Coletânea Diversas Diversidades. 1ª edição Cead/UFF 2015, pp. 81–108

  • MacGaffey W (1986) Religion and Society in Central Africa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Marques FC d A (2017) Algumas considerações sobre Umbanda e Candomblé no Brasil. Revista Contemplação 2017(15):82–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbiti JS (1990) African Religions & Philosophy, 2nd edn, King’s Lynn, Biddles Ltd

  • Mlisa L-RN (2009) Ukuthwasa initiation of Amagquirha: identity construction and the training of Xhosa women as traditional healers. University of Free State, Bloemfontain

    Google Scholar 

  • Neto B, Rodrigues E (2014) Da feitiçaria como estética ritual nas religiões de matriz africana. Cadernos De Campo (São Paulo 1991) 23(23):303–318. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9133.v23i23p303-318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pávoas, Ruy do Carmo (2010) A memória do feminino no Candomblé: tecelagem e padronização do tecido social do povo de terreiro. Editora da UESC, Ilheus

    Google Scholar 

  • Reginaldo L (2010) “Uns três congos e alguns angolas” ou os outros africanos da Bahia. História Unisinos 14(3):257–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohde BF (2009) “Umbanda, uma Religião que não Nasceu”: Breves Considerações sobre uma Tendência Dominante na Interpretação do Universo Umbandista. Revista de Estudos da Religião 2009:77–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Vagner Gonçalves da (2005 [2000]) Candomblé e Umbanda: caminhos da devoção brasileira. São Paulo: Selo Negro

  • Silva, Vagner Gonçalves da (2013) Brazil’s Eshu: at the Crossroads of the Black Atlantic. In: Chemeche G (ed) Eshu: The Divine Trickster. Antique Collectors’ Club, Woodbridge, pp 35–51

  • Silva JF d w R, Lima RM, Mfuwa N (2011) A língua bantu angolana Mbwela (K17) e a busca etimológica dos bantuísmos brasileiros. Papia 21(2):291–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Valle, Arthur & Carvalho, Juliana Pereira de (2018) Iconografia das Pombagiras: Entre o erótico e o sagrado. Texto de comunicação apresetnada no “XXXVIII Colóquio do CBHA”, Museu da Escola Catarinense, 16–20 de outubro de 2018

  • Vanzolini M (2014) Daquilo que não se sabe bem o que é: a indeterminação como poder nos mundos afroindígenas. Cadernos De Campo (São Paulo 1991) 23(23):271–285. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9133.v23i23p271-285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viveiros de Castro E (1998) Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4(3):469488

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arno Robert Holl.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Holl, A.R. Surviving in the Land of the Dead: Bantu Religion in the Brazilian Diaspora. Int J Lat Am Relig 4, 108–122 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-020-00098-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41603-020-00098-z

Keywords

Navigation