Abstract
Unemployment can be associated with negative psychological and physical health outcomes when it undermines an individual’s sense of self-worth and confidence. This study examined whether quiet ego, a self-identity motivated by a compassionate stance toward the self and others would be positively associated with self-reported health. Further, we expected this relationship to be mediated by two types of psychological capital: self-compassion, the ability to show kindness and understanding to one’s self during times of disappointment, and post-traumatic growth (PTG), the ability to derive a sense of meaning from adverse experiences. We also expected self-compassion and PTG to be associated with a robust measure of self-rated health. We tested a double mediation model in a sample of adults recruited from an employment center at the height of the Great Recession in 2010 (N = 173) and were also able to make some limited comparisons with a sample of employed adults (N = 60). For unemployed adults, quiet ego was associated with PTG. Quiet ego was positively related to self-rated health, mediated by self-compassion, for unemployed and employed adults.
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Notes
We will supply the data for the entire data set for any researcher who is interested. Please contact the first author: [deleted for blind review].
Our four-item quiet ego scale was part of preliminary work on quiet ego scale development that occurred prior to the publication of the Quiet Ego Scale (QES; Wayment et al. 2015a). Three of the four items are nearly identical to items found in the published scale. In a sample of 1117 undergraduates, the total 14-item scale correlated .73 with the same subset of three items we used in this study. Our fourth item was included because it reflected an important characteristic (balance) associated with the QES (Wayment and Bauer 2017). Our four-item quiet ego scale correlated.47 with our measure of PTG. In a recent study of mothers raising a child with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, we found a similar correlation between the 14-item quiet ego scale and same PTG scale (r(364) = .37 and ß = .34, after controlling for child and mother characteristics, ruminative thought, time since ASD diagnosis and social support (Wayment et al. 2018).
We used all of the positively-worded items from the Raes et al. (2011) short form of the Self-Compassion Scale, inadvertently omitting one positively worded item (item 10). In a sample of college students (N = 1117), we computed the reliability of these 5 items (.77) and found it correlated highly with the full 12-item measure (r = .78). We correlated both self-compassion measures (our 5-item measure and the 12-item measure) with college life satisfaction, self-efficacy, and grit and found them to have comparable relationships (.34/.45, .48/.40, and.27/.32, respectively).
Prior to our analyses of interest, we examined if there were systematic differences in the data by gender. A univariate ANOVA revealed gender differences for PTG, F(1,170) = 7.14, p = .008, eta2 = .04). Women had higher PTG scores than men (female mean = 4.43, SD = 1.02; male mean = 3.97, SD = 1.17. A meta-analysis of 70 studies (Vishnevsky et al. 2010) revealed a small to moderate gender difference (g = .27), with women reporting more PTG than men (Vishnevsky et al. 2010). This article also mentions that gender is usually just treated as a control variable in PTG studies, which we have done in our analyses.
In response to a reviewer’s question, we re-ran our analyses replacing self-reported health with a measure of life satisfaction (also available to us). We explored the data two ways, with hierarchical regressions and using the PROCESS model (Model 4). Among the unemployed, PTG and self-compassion were both related to life satisfaction, and both served as mediators between QE and Life Satisfaction. In the employed sample, neither quiet ego, self-compassion, nor PTG were related to life satisfaction. These exploratory analyses are consistent with our findings that in the context of unemployment, quiet ego, self-compassion, and PTG may be useful positive personal resources.
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The authors would like to acknowledge the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Program, sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF Award Number 1004471) for providing partial funding for this research. A special thanks goes to Steve Funk, Ph.D. for his contributions to the project as well as REU-funded students, Akiee Mayon, Christine Villasenor, and Michael Brower.
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Wayment, H.A., Huffman, A.H. & Irving, L.H. Self-Rated Health among Unemployed Adults: the Role of Quiet Ego, Self-Compassion, and Post-Traumatic Growth. Occup Health Sci 2, 247–267 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-018-0023-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-018-0023-7