Abstract
Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative system concepts in X-ray and computer tomography. This paper proposes a novel electron beam focusing, shaping, and deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources. The electron gun uses a dispenser cathode as an electron emitter, a mesh grid to control emission current, and two electrostatic lenses for beam shaping, focusing, and deflection. Novel focusing and deflecting electrodes were designed to increase the number of focal spots in the distributed source. Two identical half-rectangle opening electrodes are controlled by adjusting the potential of the two electrodes to control the electron beam trajectory, and then, multifocal spots are obtained on the anode target. The electron gun can increase the spatial density of the distributed X-ray sources, thereby improving the image quality. The beam experimental results show that the focal spot sizes of the deflected (deflected amplitude 10.5 mm) and non-deflected electron beams at full width at half maximum are 0.80 mm × 0.50 mm and 0.55 mm × 0.40 mm, respectively (anode voltage 160 kV; beam current 30 mA). The imaging experimental results demonstrate the excellent spatial resolution and time resolution of an imaging system built with the sources, which has an excellent imaging effect on a field-programmable gate array chip and a rotating metal disk.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R.A. Robb, E.A. Hoffman, L.J. Sinak et al., High-speed three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography: the dynamic spatial reconstructor. Proc. IEEE 71, 3 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1983.12589
Y.F. Yang, D.H. Zhang, K.D. Huang et al., Three-dimensional weighting reconstruction algorithm for circular cone-beam CT under large scan angles. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 27, 116 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-017-0262-3
G. Wang, T.H. Lin, P.C. Cheng et al., A general cone beam reconstruction algorithm. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 12, 486–496 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1109/42.241876
C. Zhang, X.D. Pan, H.J. Shang et al., Improvements to conventional X-ray tube-based cone-beam computed tomography system. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29, 43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0370-8
W.A. Kalender, Thin-section three-dimensional spiral CT: is isotropic imaging possible. Radiology 197, 578–580 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.197.3.7480719
P. Michael, B. D. Man, B. Kristiaan, Stationary computed tomography system and method. U.S. Patent 7 280 631, Oct. 9, 2007
V.B. Neculaes, P.M. Edic, M. Frontera et al., Multisource X-ray and CT: lessons learned and future outlook. IEEE Access 2, 1568–1585 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2363949
G. Wang, H.Y. Yu, B.D. Man, An outlook on X-ray CT research and development. Med. Phys. 35, 1051–1064 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2836950
R. Behling, Medical X-ray sources now and for the future. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A. 873, 43–50 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.038
C.A. Spindt, A thin-film field-emission cathode. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 3504 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1656810
C.A. Spindt, I. Brodie, L. Humphrey et al., Physical properties of thin-film field emission cathodes with molybdenum cones. J. Appl. Phys. 47, 5248 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.322600
P.R. Schwoebel, J.M. Boone, J. Shao, Studies of a prototype linear stationary X-ray source for tomosynthesis imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 59, 2393–2413 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/10/2393
X.S. Wang, Q.Q. Li, J. Xie et al., Fabrication of ultralong and electrically uniform single-walled carbon nanotubes on clean substrates. Nano Lett. 9, 3137–3141 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl901260b
X. Qian, A. Tucker, E. Gidcumb et al., High resolution stationary digital breast tomosynthesis using distributed carbon nanotube X-ray source array. Med. Phys. 39, 2090–2099 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3694667
G. Yang, R. Rajaram, G.H. Cao et al., Stationary digital breast tomosynthesis system with a multi-beam field emission X-ray source array, in Proceedings of SPIE. 6913, Medical Imaging 2008: Physics of Medical Imaging, 69131A (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.770622
F. Sprenger, X. Calderon, Y. Cheng et al., Distributed source X-ray tube technology for tomosynthesis imaging, in Proceedings of SPIE, 7622, Medical Imaging 2010: Physics of Medical Imaging, 76225M (2010). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.844586
J.M. Bonard, C. Klinke, K.A. Dean et al., Degradation and failure of carbon nanotube field emitters. Phys. Rev. B. 67, 115406 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.67.115406
X.C. Xu, J. Kim, P. Laganis et al., A tetrahedron beam computed tomography benchtop system with a multiple pixel field emission X-ray tube. Med. Phys. 38, 5500–5508 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3634043
V.B. Neculaes, Y. Zou, P. Zavodszky et al., Design and characterization of electron beam focusing for X-ray generation in novel medical imaging architecture. Phys. Plasmas 21, 056702 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4872033
K. Frutschy, B.D. Man, P. Edic et al., X-ray Multisource for Medical Imaging, in Proceeding of SPIE. 7258, Medical Imaging 2009, Physics of Medical Imaging; 725822 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.812043
V.B. Neculaes, A. Caiafa, Y. Cao et al., Multisource inverse-geometry CT. Part II. X-ray source design and prototype. Med. Phys. 43, 4617–4627 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4954847
L. Lanca, A. Silva, Digital Imaging Systems for Plain Radiography (Springer, New York, 2013), pp. 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5067-2
Z. Zhou, F. Gao, H. Zhao et al., Effect of background trends removal on noise power spectrum measurements in digital X-ray imaging, in Proceeding of SPIE. 7890, Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems IX; 78901F (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.871053
J.T. Dobbins III, E. Samei, N.T. Ranger et al., Intercomparison of methods for image quality characterization. II. Noise power spectrum. Med. Phys. 33, 1466–1475 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2188819
J.T. Bushberg, J.A. Seibert, E.M. Leidholdt et al., The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, 2nd edn. (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2002), pp. 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-002-1073-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tan, CJ., Tang, CX., Huang, WH. et al. Beam and image experiment of beam deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources. NUCL SCI TECH 30, 50 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0561-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0561-y