Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Occurrence, identification, and diversity of parasitic nematodes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Root lesion nematodes (RLNs) (Pratylenchus spp.) are one of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) and are considered one of the leading causative agents of apple diseases that severely decrease yield and quality in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards. Occurrence, identification, and diversity of PPNs in apple orchards in central Anatolia region of Türkiye have not been well understood. Therefore, in this study, a field survey was conducted in this region to reveal the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of mainly RLNs. The primary analysis of soil and root samples based on morphology revealed that 8 PPN species were present in sampled areas, the most prevalent of which was RLNs. As a result of morphological, morphometric, and molecular studies, a total of 5 species of RLNs [Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960; Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1941; Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1941; Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen, 1953 and Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951] were identified. Phylogenetic analysis with the D2–D3 domain of LSU-rDNA sequences further confirmed the identification. The results indicated that P. thornei was the predominant species in surveyed areas, followed by P. neglectus. The results confirmed the host status of apples for RLNs and demonstrated that RLNs were the most threatening PPNs in the surveyed apple orchards. The necessity of determining the damage caused by plant parasitic nematodes to apple production emerges as an important factor to be done as a future study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akyazi F, Joseph S, Felek AF, Mengistu T (2017) Molecular and morphometric characterization of root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen, 1953 from hazelnut orchards in Ordu, Turkey. In: Tuncer C (ed) IX International Congress On Hazelnut. International Society for Horticultural Science, Samsun, pp 399–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Araya TZ, Padilla WP, Archidona-Yuste A, Cantalapiedra-Navarrete C, Liébanas G, Palomares-Rius JE, Castillo P (2016) Root-lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from Costa Rica with molecular identification of P. gutierrezi and P. panamaensis topotypes. Eur J Plant Pathol 145(4):973–998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker KR (1985) Nematode extraction and bioassays. An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne. Science 2:19–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogale M, Tadesse B, Nuaima RH, Honermeier B, Hallmann J, Digennaro P (2021) Morphometric and molecular diversity among seven european isolates of Pratylenchus penetrans. Plants 10(4):674. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bakooie M, Pourjam E, Javaran MJ (2012) Investigation of Iranian Pratylenchus vulnus populations by morphological and molecular market (RAPD-PCR). J Agric Sci Technol 8(1):219–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco-Ballesteros S, Castillo P, Adams BJ, Pérez-Artés E (2007) Identification of Pratylenchus thornei, the cereal and legume root-lesion nematode, based on SCAR-PCR and satellite DNA. Eur J Plant Pathol 118:115–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carta LK, Skantar AM, Handoo ZA (2001) Molecular, morphological and thermal characters of 19 Pratylenchus spp. and relatives using the D3 segment of the nuclear LSU rRNA gene. Nematropica 5:193–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Castillo P, Trapero-Casas JL, Jiménez-Díaz RM (1995) Effect of time, temperature, and inoculum density on reproduction of Pratylenchus thornei in carrot disk cultures. J Nematol 27(1):120

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo P, Vovlas N (2007) Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): Diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management. Brill, Leiden

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chihani-Hammas N, Hajji-Hedfi L, Regaieg H, Larayedh A, Badiss A, Qing Y, Najet HR (2018) First report of Pratylenchus vulnus associated with apple in Tunisia. J Nematol 50(4):579. https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-056

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Devran Z, Söğüt MA (2011) Distribution and molecular identification of root lesion nematodes in temperate fruit orchards of Turkey. Nematropica 2:91–99

    Google Scholar 

  • De Luca F, Troccoli A, Duncan LW, Subbotin SA, Waeyenberge L, Moens M, Inserra RN (2010) Characterisation of a population of Pratylenchus hippeastri from Bromeliads and description of two related new species, P. floridensis n. sp. and P. parafloridensis n. sp., from grasses in Florida. Nematology 12(6):847–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Divsalar N, Shokoohi E, Hoseinipour A, Fourie H, Moqaddam EM (2018) Morphological variation and molecular study of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei. Russ J Nematol 26(1):29–41. https://doi.org/10.24411/0869-6918-2018-10002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Divsalar N, Shokoohi E, Hoseinipour A, Mashela P (2019) Molecular and morphological variation of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus. Biologia 74:257–267. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-018-00165-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubius Thorne T (1987) Plant-parasitic nematodes in orchards of the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Plant Dis 5:85

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan LW, Inserra RN, Thomas WK, Dunn D, Mustika I, Frisse LM, Kaplan DT (1999) Investigation-research: molecular and morphological analysis of isolates of Pratylenchus coffeae and closely related species. Nematropica 29(1):61–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Evlice E, Ökten M (2008) Plant parasitic nematodes of Tylenchida (Nematoda) associated with pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchards in Ankara district. Plant Prot Bull 48(4):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanning JP, Reeves KL, Forknall CR, Mckay AC, Hollaway GJ (2020) Pratylenchus thornei: The relationship between presowing nematode density and yield loss in wheat and barley. Phytopathology 110(3):674–683. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-19-0320-R

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayazi F, Farokhi-Nejd R, Ahmadi AR, Memari HR, Bahmani Z (2012) Molecular and morphometric identification of P. thornei and P. neglectus in southwest of Iran. J Plant Pathol Microbiol 3(123):2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT). Available online: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data Accessed 21 Feb 2023

  • Fortuner R (1977) Pratylenchus thornei. CIH Description of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Set 7, No. 93. St Albans, UK: Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology.

  • Ghorbanzad H, Heydari R, Pourjam E (2014) Description of some plant parasitic nematodes from fruit orchards of West Azerbayjan, Iran. J Crop Prot 3(3):397–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigot J, Walters TW, Zasada IA (2013) Impact and occurrence of Phytophthora rubi and Pratylenchus penetrans in commercial red raspberry (Rubus ideaus) fields in Northwestern Washington. Int J Fruit Sci 13(4):357–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil D, Cardoso JM, Abrantes I, Esteves I (2021) Pratylenchus penetrans parasitizing potato crops: morphometric and genetic variability of Portuguese isolates. Plants 10(3):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gözel U, Yildiz V (2015) Ödemiş (İzmir) ilçesi sert ve yumuşak çekirdekli meyve fidanlıklarında bulunan bitki paraziti nematod faunası. Turk Entomol Derg 5(4):185–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Holterman M, Van Der Wurff A, Van Den Elsen Y, Van Megen H (2006) Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Mol Biol Evol 13:1792–1800. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holterman M, Karssen G, Van Den Elsen S, Van Megen H, Bakker J, Helder J (2009) Small subunit rDNA-Based Phylogeny of The Tylenchida sheds light on relationships among some high-impact plant-parasitic nematodes and the evolution of plant feeding. Phytopathology 99(3):227–235. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-3-0227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper DJ (1990) Extraction and processing of plant and soil nematodes. In: Lue M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (eds) Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 45–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper DJ (1986) Observations on the curation of plant and soil nematodes. Nematologica 32(3):312–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt DJ, Palomares-Rius JE, Manzanilla-López RH (2018) Identification, morphology and biology of plant parasitic nematodes. In: Lue M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (eds) Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 20–61

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Islam S, Khan A, Bilqees FM (1996) Survey of stylet-bearing nematodes associated with apple (Malus pumila Mill.) in Swat district, NWFP, Pakistan. Proc Parasitol 21:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • İmren M (2007) Determination of plant parasitic nematodes in vegetable, wheat and grapevine fields in Diyarbakır province. Dissertation, University of Cukurova.

  • İmren M, Çiftçi V, Yildiz Ş, Kütük H, Dababat AA (2017) Occurrence and population dynamics of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei (Sher and Allen) on wheat in Bolu, Turkey. Turk J Agric for 41(1):35–41. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1609-82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imren M, Özer G, Paulitz TC, Morgounov A, Dababat AA (2021) Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat in Central., Eastern and Southeastern Kazakhstan. Plant Dis 105(9):2299–2305. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2424-SR

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen T, Karssen G, Couvreur M, Waeyenberge L, Bert W (2017) The pitfalls of molecular species identification: a case study within the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Nematology 19(10):1179–1199. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MGK, Fosu-Nyarko J (2014) Molecular biology of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and their interaction with host plants. Ann Appl Biol 164(2):163–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karakaş US, Peçen A, Kepenekçi İ, Çetintaş R (2021) Determination of plant parasitic nematode species of Tylenchida (Nematoda) in apple (Pyrus malus L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) orchards in Bingöl Province of Turkey. KSÜ Tar Doga Derg 24(3):554–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel SL, Smiley RW, Garland-Campbell K, Elling AA, Abatzoglou J, Huggins D, Paulitz TC (2013) Relationship between climatic factors and distribution of Pratylenchus spp. in the dryland wheat-production areas of Eastern Washington. Plant Dis 97(11):1448–1456. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-12-1060-RE

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kepenekci İ, Zeki C (2002) Nematodes of Tylenchida (Nematoda) associated with apple in Turkey. Pak J Nematol 20(1):61–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan Z, Tahseen Q, Gawade BH, Mahboob M, Parakh DB, Dubey SC (2016) Interception and salvaging of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) in apple (Malus domestica) saplings. Indian Phytopathol 69:419–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoetze R, Van den Berg E, Girgan C, Van der Walt L (2019) First report of the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus hippeastri, on apple in South Africa. J Plant Dis Prot 126:607–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-019-00259-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knoetze R, Van Den Berg E, Girgan C, Van Der Walt L (2021) Morphological and molecular characterisation of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) (Rhabditida: Pratylenchidae) associated with apple in South Africa. Russ J Nematol 29:143–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35(6):1547. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari S (2015) Characterization of Pratylenchus crenatus and P. neglectus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) associated with wheat crop. Helminthologia 52(3):280–286. https://doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lišková M, Sasanelli N, D’Addabbo T (2007) Some notes on the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes on fruit trees in Slovakia. Plant Prot Sci 43(1):26–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2011) The CIPRES science gateway: a community resource for phylogenetic analyses. In: Proceedings of the 2011 TeraGrid conference: extreme digital discovery. Salt Lake City, Utah, pp 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1145/2016741.2016785.

  • Mokrini F, Waeyenberge L, Viaene N, Andaloussi FA, Moens M (2016) Diversity of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) in Morocco. Nematology 18(7):781–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moody EH, Lownsbery BF, Ahmed JM (1973) Culture of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus on carrot disks. J Nematol 5(3):225

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen A, Pasquier P, Marcotte D (2015) Influence of groundwater flow in fractured aquifers on standing column wells performance. Geothermics 58:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyczepir AP, Pinochet J (2001) Assessment of Guardian peach rootstock for resistance to two isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus. J Nematol 33(4S):302

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Bannon JH, Tomerlin A (1973) Citrus tree decline caused by Pratylenchus coffeae. J Nematol 5(4):311

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Palomares-Rius JE, Guesmi I, Horrigue-Raouani N, Cantalapiedra-Navarrete C, Liébanas G, Castillo P (2014) Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus oleae n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) parasitizing wild and cultivated olives in Spain and Tunisia. Eur J Plant Pathol 140:53–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0443-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinochet J, Verdejo S, Soler A, Canals J (1992) Host range of a population of Pratylenchus vulnus in commercial fruit, nut, citrus, and grape rootstocks in Spain. J Nematol 24(4S):693

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roman J, Hirschmann H (1969) Morphology and morphometrics of six species of Pratylenchus. J Nematol 1(4):363

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma GC, Sen S (2015) Status of plant parasitic nematodes in apple orchards of Himachal Pradesh. Int J Farm Sci 5(3):171–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi MR (2000) Tylenchida: parasites of plants and insects. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Silva RA, Inomoto MM (2002) Host-range characterization of two Pratylenchus coffeae isolates from Brazil. J Nematol 34(2):135

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh N, Sharma DP, Kaushal R, Sharma N, Sharma IM, Sharma SS (2020) Isolation and identification of fungi and nematodes in the rhizosphere soil of old declining apple orchards in Himachal Pradesh, India. Allelopathy J 50(2):139–152. https://doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-50-2-1280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seinhorst JW (1959) A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica 4(1):67–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smiley RW, Whittaker RG, Gourlie JA, Easley SA (2005) Pratylenchus thornei associated with reduced wheat yield in Oregon. J Nematol 37(1):45

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sögüt MA, Devran Z (2011) Distribution and molecular identification of root lesion nematodes in temperate fruit orchards of Turkey. Nematropica 2:91–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin SA, Sturhan D, Chizhov VN, Vovlas N, Baldwin JG (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28s rRNA gene sequences. Nematology 8(3):455–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subbotin SA, Ragsdale EJ, Mullens T, Roberts PA, Mundo-Ocampo M, Baldwin JG (2008) A phylogenetic framework for root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda): evidence from 18S and D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S ribosomal RNA genes and morphological characters. Mol Phylogenet Evol 48(2):491–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarte R, Mai WF (1976) Morphological variation in Pratylenchus penetrans. J Nematol 8(3):185

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thies JA, Petersen AD, Barnes DK (1995) Host suitability of forage grasses and legumes for root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Crop Sci 35(6):1647–1651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22(22):4673–4680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JP, Clewett TG, Sheedy JG, Reen RA, O’reilly MM, Bell KL (2010) Occurrence of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus) and stunt nematode (Merlinius brevidens) in the Northern Grain Region of Australia. Australas Plant Pathol 39:254–264. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP09094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JP, Clewett TG, O’Reilly MM (2015) Temperature response of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) reproduction on wheat cultivars has implications for resistance screening and wheat production. Ann Appl Biol 167(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JP, Rostad HE, Whish JPM (2017) Survival of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) after wheat growth in a vertisol is influenced by rate of progressive soil desiccation. Ann Appl Biol 170(1):78–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troccoli A, De Luca F, Handoo ZA, Di Vito M (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchus lentis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from Sicily. J Nematol 40(3):190

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Uludamar EBK, Yildiz Ş, İmren M, Atilla Ö, Elekçioğlu İH (2018) Occurrence of plant parasitic nematode species in important crops in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. Turk Entomol Derg 42(1):63–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vovlas N, Troccoli A (1990) Histopathology of broad bean roots infected by the lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Nematol Mediterr 18(2):239–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Waeyenberge L, Ryss A, Moens M, Pinochet J, Vrain T (2000) Molecular characterisation of 18 Pratylenchus species using rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. Nematology 2(2):135–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Zhuo K, Liao J (2016) Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchus hippeastri, a new record of root-lesion nematode associated with apple in China. Pak J Zool 48(3):24

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu HY, Jia ZZ, Liu J, Luo J, Peng DL (2013) First report of Pratylenchus neglectus on winter wheat in China. Plant Dis 97(1):151–151. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-12-0332-PDN

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz Ş, İmren M, Duman N (2017) Nematode biodiversity in cereal growing areas of Bolu, Turkey. Turk Entomol Derg 41(2):159–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study is a part of E.Y.’s Ph.D. thesis at the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Erciyes University.

Funding

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project Number 120R019).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, 38030, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Türkiye

    Ebubekir Yüksel & Ramazan Canhilal

  2. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Gölköy, Bolu, Türkiye

    Mustafa Imren & Göksel Özer

  3. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Osmangazi University, 26160, Odunpazarı, Eskisehir, Türkiye

    Refik Bozbuğa

  4. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box. 39, Emek, Ankara, Türkiye

    Abdelfattah A. Dababat

Authors
  1. Ebubekir Yüksel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mustafa Imren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Göksel Özer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Refik Bozbuğa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abdelfattah A. Dababat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ramazan Canhilal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by EY, AD, RB, Mİ, and RC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by EY, Mİ, AD, and RC and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ebubekir Yüksel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yüksel, E., Imren, M., Özer, G. et al. Occurrence, identification, and diversity of parasitic nematodes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye. J Plant Dis Prot 130, 1331–1346 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00782-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00782-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation