Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Reported prevalence of habitual pediatric snoring and the level of parental awareness

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sleep and Biological Rhythms Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the symptoms and prevalence of snoring among primary school children in Ankara, Turkey, as reported by their parents and to determine the level of parental knowledge regarding possible associations between snoring, mouth breathing and dentofacial development. Parents of children ages 8–12 attending 8 randomly selected primary schools from different districts in Ankara were asked to complete a 43-item multiple-choice questionnaire to collect information about snoring habits of children and possible adverse effects of habitual snoring (HS), defined as snoring more than 3 times per week, on dentofacial structural development. A total of 2245 questionnaires were distributed, and 1,516 were returned (return rate 67.52%). The overall prevalence of snoring was reported to be 37.60%, whereas the overall prevalence of “habitual snoring” (more than 3 times/week) was reported to be 6.33% (16.84% of “all snorers”). A correlation was found between passive smoking and habitual snoring frequency. Nocturnal and diurnal symptoms increase with an increase in the frequency of habitual snoring in children. Although the majority of parents surveyed (61.56%) were conscious that snoring was an indication of a likely medical risk, less than half (47.18%) were aware of the impact of snoring on jaw development; these findings indicate the need to raise awareness of this issue among the general public.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Guilleminault C, Eldridge FL, Simmons FB, Dement WC. Sleep apnea in eight children. Pediatrics. 1976;58:23–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brouillette R, Hanson D, David R, et al. A diagnostic approach to suspected obstructive sleep apnea in children. J Pediatr. 1984;105:10–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Lumeng JC, Chervin RD. Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:242–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ersu R, Arman AR, Save D, Karadag B, Karakoc F, Berkem M, Dagli E. Prevalence of snoring and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in primary school children in istanbul. Chest. 2004;126(1):19–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ali NJ, Pitson DJ, Stradling JR. Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4–5 year olds. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:360–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Brunetti L, Rana S, Lospallutti ML, et al. Prevalence and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a cohort of 1,207 children of southern Italy. Chest. 2001;120:1930–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Am F, Clemente V, Gozal D, et al. Snoring in Portuguese primary school children. Pediatrics. 2000;106:e64–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gislason T, Benediktsdóttir B. Snoring, apneic episodes, and nocturnal hypoxemia among children 6 months to 6 years old: an epidemiological study of lower limit of prevalence. Chest. 1995;107(4):963.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ayhan Sogut O, Gonul Dinc H. Prevalence of habitual snoring and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:1769–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Urquhart D. Investigation and management of childhood sleep apnoea. Hippokratia. 2013;17(3):196–202.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Nespoli L, Caprioglio A, Brunetti L, Nosetti L. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in childhood. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(Suppl 3):S33–7. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.020 (Epub 2013 Aug 27).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zucconi M, Caprioglio A, Calori G, Ferini-Strambi L, Oldani A, Castronovo C, Smirne S. Craniofacial modifications in children with habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea: a case-control study. EurRespir J. 1999;13(2):411–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pacheco MC, Fiorott BS, Finck NS, Araújo MT. Craniofacial changes and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in healthy children. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20(3):80–7. doi:10.1590/2176-9451.20.3.080-087.oar.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Kuehni CE, Strippoli MP, Chauliac ES, Silverman M. Snoring in preschool children: prevalence, severity and risk factors. EurRespir J. 2008;31(2):326–33 (Epub 2007 Nov 21).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wu Y, Cao C, Wu Y, Zhang C, Zhu C, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H, Li W. TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism contributes to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome risk: evidence based on 10 case–control studies. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106183 (eCollection 2014).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhu Y, Au CT, Leung TF, Wing YK, Lam CW, Li AM. Effects of passive smoking on snoring in preschool children. J Pediatr. 2013;163(4):1158–62.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.05.032 (Epub 2013 Jul 1).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Li S, Jin X, Yan C, Wu S, Jiang F, Shen X. Habitual snoring in school-aged children: environmental and biological predictors. Respir Res. 2010;19(11):144. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fidan F, Unlü M, Sezer M, Kara Z. Prevalence of habitual snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in primary school children in Afyonkarahisar. TuberkToraks. 2005;53(4):379–85.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, et al. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA. 2000;284:3015–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kohler MJ, van den Heuvel CJ. Is there a clear link between overweight/obesity and sleep disordered breathing in children? Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12:347–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kohler MJ, Thormaehlen S, Kennedy JD, Pamula Y, van den Heuvel CJ, Lushington K, Martin AJ. Differences in the association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea among children and adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(6):506–11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Balaguer C, Palou A, Alonso-Fernández A. Smoking and sleep disorders. Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45(9):449–58. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2009.03.003 (Epub 2009 Jun 6).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Brien LM, Holbrook CR, Mervis CB, Klaus CJ, Bruner JL, Raffield TJ, Rutherford J, Mehl RC, Wang M, Tuell A, Hume BC, Gozal D. Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):554–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics. 1998;102(3 Pt 1):616–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Perez-Chada D, Perez-Lloret S, Videla AJ, Cardinali D, Bergna MA, Fernández-Acquier M, Larrateguy L, Zabert GE, Drake C. Sleep disordered breathing and daytime sleepiness are associated with poor academic performance in teenagers. A study using the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS). Sleep. 2007;30(12):1698–703.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ryuichiro Y. Public health activities for ensuring adequate sleep among school-age children: current status and future directions. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2016;14:241–7. doi:10.1007/s41105-016-0051-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gottlieb DJ, Vezina RM, Chase C, Lesko SM, Heeren TC, Weese-Mayer DE, Auerbach SH, Corwin MJ. Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in 5-year-old children are associated with sleepiness and problem behaviors. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):870–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mitchell RB. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcome evaluated by pre- and postoperative polysomnography. Laryngoscope. 2007;117(10):1844–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chervin RD, Clarke DF, Huffman JL, Szymanski E, Ruzicka DL, Miller V, Nettles AL, Sowers MR, Giordani BJ. School performance, race, and other correlates of sleep-disordered breathing in children. Sleep Med. 2003;4(1):21–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sahin U, Ozturk O, Ozturk M, Songur N, Bircan A, Akkaya A. Habitual snoring in primary school children: prevalence and association with sleep-related disorders and school performance. Med PrincPract. 2009;18(6):458–65. doi:10.1159/000235895 (Epub 2009 Sep 30).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wise MS, Nichols CD, Grigg-Damberger MM, Marcus CL, Witmans MB, Kirk VG, D’Andrea LA, Hoban TF. Executive summary of respiratory indications for polysomnography in children: an evidence-based review. Sleep. 2011;34(3):389–398AW.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ensar Başpınar for analyzing our statistics and helping us in our results. This manuscript was reviewed and gone through by Deborah Semel Demirtaş. We thank Mrs. Demirtaş, who did the grammatical corrections and checked the content integrity.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Private Clinic, Ankara, Turkey

    Elif Zaimoğlu & Saimir Hoxha

  2. Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Orhan Özdiler & Ufuk Toygar Memikoğlu

  3. Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Murat Özbek

Authors
  1. Elif Zaimoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saimir Hoxha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Orhan Özdiler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Murat Özbek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ufuk Toygar Memikoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Orhan Özdiler.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper. “No competing interests are at stake and there is no conflict of interest” with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zaimoğlu, E., Hoxha, S., Özdiler, O. et al. Reported prevalence of habitual pediatric snoring and the level of parental awareness. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 15, 75–80 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-016-0082-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-016-0082-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation