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Hydrological and Morphometric Characterization of Anambra-Imo River Basin Using Remote Sensing

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Abstract

Environmental problems related to flooding, water management, and landslide often emanate from disruption of river basin within a geographical locality. In this study, the Anambra-Imo river basin which drains the five southeastern states of Nigeria and a part of Kogi State in the northcentral was studied by combining the remote sensing technique and geographic information system (GIS). With the aid of digital elevation model (DEM) of the geographical region, the linear and spatial morphometric attributes of the basins such as drainage density (Dd), drainage texture (Dt), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), constant of channel maintenance (Cm), form factor (Rf), infiltration number (If), stream frequency (Sf), length of overland flow (Lo), and compactness index (Ci) were obtained. The results of the analysis showed that the basins have a well-developed dendritic and parallel-type drainage pattern with a NE-SW orientation suggesting a relationship between fracture orientation and physiographic features. Anambra Basin is a sixth-order basin having a total of 1462 streams with a length of 13,682.9 km, while the Imo river basin is a fifth-order basin having a total of 208 streams with a total length of 1320.57 km. Morphometric analyses yielded infiltration numbers of 0.3 and 0.11, elongation ratios of 0.35 and 0.29, and form factors of 0.26 and 0.54; compactness indexes of 1.4 and 1.06; lengths of overland flow of 0.46 and 2.18; circularity ratios of 0.49 and 0.84; constants of channel maintenance given of 0.93 and 4.34; relief ratios of 0.61 and 0.35; and ruggedness numbers of 0.19 and 1.5 for Anambra and Imo river basins respectively. These results have thrown light on the underlying factors responsible for flooding and gullying in the study area as a combination of climatic and geological characteristics of the study area.

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Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

A:

Basin area (km2)

Ci:

Compactness ratio

Cm:

Constant of channel maintenance

Dd:

Drainage density (km/km2)

Dt:

Drainage texture

Fs:

Stream frequency

H :

Maximum basin relief

h:

Elevation difference

Lμ:

Total length of streams of order "μ" (km)

Lb :

Maximum basin length (km)

Lg:

Length of overland flow

Lh:

Longest dimension of the basin

Lsm:

Mean stream length

Lsm-1:

Mean stream length of next lower order

Nμ:

Number of stream segments of a given order

Nμ +1:

Number of stream segments of next higher order

P:

Outer boundary of drainage basin measured in kilometers

Rb:

 Bifurcation ratio

Rc:

Circularity ratio

Re:

Elongation ratio

Rf:

A/Lb2

Rh:

Relief ratio

RL:

Stream length ratio

Rn:

Ruggedness number

Rr:

Relative relief

Rbm:

Average of bifurcation ratios of all orders

Sn:

Total number of stream segments

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Chidozie Charles Nnaji, Mark Nzubechi Onyekachi, Ekene Jude Nwankwo & Chekwubechukwu Victory Chibueze

  2. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Chidozie Charles Nnaji

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

    PraiseGod Emenike

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cross River State, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

    Nkpa Mba Ogarekpe

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Chidozie Charles Nnaji conceptualized and designed the research and also took part in data analysis and manuscript drafting. Onyekachi Mark executed the fieldwork. PraiseGod Emenike, Ekene Nwankwo, Chekwubechukwu Chibueze, and Nkpa Ogarekpe took part in  data analyses and manuscript drafting.

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Nnaji, C.C., Onyekachi, M.N., Nwankwo, E.J. et al. Hydrological and Morphometric Characterization of Anambra-Imo River Basin Using Remote Sensing. Water Conserv Sci Eng 9, 23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-024-00249-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-024-00249-9

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