Abstract
Water transparency measured using Secchi disk is an important water quality indicator influenced by various biotic and abiotic processes in coastal and marine ecosystems. Understanding the role of this important indicator over large coastal environments requires synoptic measurements through ocean color satellites, such as Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Medium‐Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS). In this study, we evaluated the performance of different atmospheric correction algorithms and the suitability of different pixel extraction methods in modeling Secchi disk depth (ZSD) over the North Arabian Gulf (NAG) waters using MODIS and MERIS imagery. Evaluating the performance of different atmospheric correction algorithms and the suitability of pixel extraction methods yielded various ZSD models with different accuracy. The most accurate MODIS and MERIS ZSD models had R2 of 0.75 (RMSE = 80 cm) and 0.78 (RMSE = 74 cm), respectively. These models can be used to accurately map ZSD of NAG waters that would provide a better understanding of NAG water quality dynamics. Although these models were designed for NAG waters, they can be applied for the entire Arabian Gulf waters and probably other similar waters with the availability of training data. The key factor that limits the efficiency of these models and other previous models is the success of atmospheric correction algorithms in retrieving reliable remote sensing reflectance over different water bodies.
Zusammenfassung
Modellierung der Secchi-Scheibentiefe über den Gewässern des Nordarabischen Golfs mit MODIS- und MERIS-Bildern. Die mit der Secchi-Scheibe gemessene Wassertransparenz ist ein wichtiger Indikator für die Wasserqualität, der durch verschiedene biotische und abiotische Prozesse in Küsten- und Meeresökosystemen beeinflusst wird. Um die Rolle dieses wichtigen Indikators in großen Küstenumgebungen zu verstehen, sind synoptische Messungen durch Ozeanfarbsatelliten wie das Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) und das Medium‐Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) erforderlich. In dieser Studie bewerteten wir die Leistung verschiedener atmosphärischer Korrekturalgorithmen und die Eignung verschiedener Pixelextraktionsmethoden bei der Modellierung der Secchi-Scheibentiefe (ZSD) über den Gewässern des Nordarabischen Golfs (NAG) unter Verwendung von MODIS- und MERIS-Bildern. Die Bewertung der Leistung verschiedener atmosphärischer Korrekturalgorithmen und der Eignung von Pixelextraktionsmethoden ergab verschiedene ZSD-Modelle mit unterschiedlicher Genauigkeit. Die genauesten MODIS- und MERIS ZSD-Modelle erreichten R2 von 0,75 (RMSE = 80 cm) bzw. 0,78 (RMSE = 74 cm). Diese Modelle können verwendet werden, um ZSD von NAG-Gewässern genau abzubilden, was ein besseres Verständnis der NAG-Wasserqualitätsdynamik ermöglichen würde. Obwohl diese Modelle für NAG-Gewässer entwickelt wurden, können sie für die gesamten Gewässer des Arabischen Golfs und wahrscheinlich andere ähnliche Gewässer bei der Verfügbarkeit von Trainingsdaten angewendet werden. Der Schlüsselfaktor, der die Effizienz dieser Modelle und anderer früherer Modelle einschränkt, ist der Erfolg atmosphärischer Korrekturalgorithmen bei der Gewinnung zuverlässiger Fernerkundungsreflexion über verschiedene Gewässer.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Ocean Biology Processing Group for providing the MODIS Aqua products, the Kuwait Environmental Public Authority (KEPA), and Kuwait’s Ministry of Public Works (MPW) for providing the in situ datasets. This research was funded by Kuwait University, Research Grant No. [RO02/16].
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This research was funded by Kuwait University, Research Grant No. [RO02/16].
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Alsahli, M.M.M., Nazeer, M. Modeling Secchi Disk Depth Over the North Arabian Gulf Waters Using MODIS and MERIS Images. PFG 90, 177–189 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-021-00189-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-021-00189-2