Skip to main content
Log in

Assigning Persistent Scatterers of Regular Multi-Story Buildings to Optical Oblique Images

  • Original Article
  • Published:
PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Persistent scatterer interferometry is one of the frequently employed remote sensing techniques and often used for surface and building deformation monitoring tasks. Even though movements of some millimetres per year can be sensed with this method, the assignment of individual scatterers to their corresponding parts of the building is often unknown. This can be problematic, e.g. in case of non-rigid movements of buildings. We present a method of assigning persistent scatterers (PS) to their counterparts in oblique optical images as one possibility of obtaining additional information about the physical nature of PS. In this way, we want to pave the way towards a better understanding of the reflexion mechanism leading to the PS. The approach is based on lattice patterns of PS as they can often be found at facades in urban areas. Even though only a subset of all facades exhibit such a regularity, we use these patterns to cope with the different sensing geometries. Two challenges are addressed in particular: First, the extraction of lattice patterns from a set of PS belonging to the same facade and second, the derivation of suitable matching candidates from optical oblique images. The applicability of the established assignment is shown by investigating the origin of some PS through a visual inspection of their counterparts in the optical image.

Zusammenfassung

Zuordnung von Persistent Scatterern zu optischen Schrägluftbildern. Die Persistent Scatterer Interferometrie ist eine häufig eingesetzte Fernerkundungstechnik zur Überwachung von Deformationen der Erdoberfläche und von Gebäuden. Es können mit dieser Technik zwar Bewegungen von wenigen Millimetern pro Jahr detektiert werden – jedoch ist die genaue Zuordnung von Streuern zu ihren Entsprechungen am Gebäude oftmals unbekannt. Wir präsentieren eine Methode zur Zuordnung von Persistent Scatterern (PS) zu ihren Partnern in optischen Schrägluftbildern als eine Möglichkeit, zusätzliche Informationen über die physikalische Ursache der Streuer zu erhalten. Die stellt einen Schritt in Richtung des besseren Verständnisses von Reflexionsmechanismen, die zu PS führen, dar. Der Ansatz basiert auf der Ausnutzung regelmäßiger Muster, wie sie häufig durch die regelmäßige Anordnung von Fenstern an Gebäudefassaden erzeugt werden. Zwar weist nur eine Untermenge aller Fassaden solch regelmäige Muster auf, jedoch eröffnet sie die Möglichkeit für die Zuordnung zwischen den verschiedenen Abbildungsgeometrien. Insbesondere werden zwei Herausforderungen betrachtet: Zum Einen die Extraktion regelmäßiger Muster in den PS-Daten, zum Anderen die Auswahl geeigneter Partner in den optischen Schrägluftbildern. Das Zuordnungsergebnis wird dann genutzt, um anhand eines visuellen Vergleichs die Entstehung von PS zu interpretieren.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Auer S, Gisinger C, Bamler R (2012) Characterization of SAR image patterns pertinent to individual facades. In: IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS) IEEE, Munich, Germany, pp 3611–3614

  • Auer S, Hinz S, Bamler R (2010) Ray-tracing simulation techniques for understanding high-resolution SAR images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 48(3):1445–1456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bamler R, Eineder M, Adam N, Zhu X, Gernhardt S (2009) Interferometric potential of high resolution spaceborne SAR. Photogramm Fernerkundung Geoinf 5:407–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dempster AP, Laird NM, Ruby DB (1977) Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol) 39(1):1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Gernhardt S, Auer S, Eder K (2015) Persistent scatterers at building facades: evaluation of appearance and localization accuracy. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 100:92–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munkres J (1957) Algorithms for the assignment and transportation problems. J Soc Ind Appl Math 5(1):32–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schack L, Soergel U (2015) Matching persistent scatterers to optical oblique images. In: Computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW), 2015 IEEE conference on, IEEE, Boston, MA, USA, pp 52–60

  • Schack L, Soergel U, Heipke C (2016) Graph matching for the registration of persistent scatterers to optical oblique imagery. ISPRS Ann Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci III(7):195–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schunert A (2014) Assignment of persistent scatterers to buildings. PhD thesis, Leibniz Universtität Hannover, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Schriftenreihe C der DGK, Verlag C.H. Beck, No 728

  • Tao J, Auer S, Palubinskas G, Reinartz P, Bamler R (2014) Automatic SAR simulation technique for object identification in complex urban scenarios. IEEE J Select Topic Appl Earth Obser Remote Sens 7(3):855–864

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to gratefully thank Ralf Schroth, BLOM Deutschland GmbH, and Jason Crossley, BLOM UK for providing the oblique aerial imagery and Stefan Gernhardt, Technische Universität München, for supplying the PS point cloud.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lukas Schack.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schack, L., Soergel, U. & Heipke, C. Assigning Persistent Scatterers of Regular Multi-Story Buildings to Optical Oblique Images. PFG 85, 67–74 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-017-0005-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-017-0005-4

Keywords

Navigation