Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental study on in-plane seismic behavior of unreinforced and damaged unreinforced masonry walls retrofitted with vertical concrete ties and bed rebar with and without shotcrete

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article presents an experimental investigation aimed at evaluating the influence of vertical concrete ties and bed rebar on the retrofitting and in-plane behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) and damaged unreinforced masonry (DURM) walls, with and without shotcrete. Full-scale specimens were tested under in-plane cyclic lateral and vertical loading, with the protocol repeated four times under the same support conditions. One specimen was loaded as a reference, then the damaged specimen was retrofitted with vertical concrete ties and bed rebar on one side and tested. The final specimen was retrofitted with vertical concrete ties and bed rebar and tested. The study's findings indicate that retrofitting masonry walls with the proposed techniques can significantly improve their behavior. Retrofitting the damaged masonry wall with vertical ties and bed rebar altered the failure mode at the location of the vertical concrete ties from rocking to bed joint shear sliding. Application of shotcrete on the damaged specimen created a completely stiff panel that prevented crack formation and increased the wall's resistance capacity and energy dissipation. Additionally, retrofitting the masonry wall with bed rebar and vertical concrete ties changed the failure mode from rocking to bed joint shear sliding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials.

References

  1. Kalali A, Kabir MZ (2012) Experimental response of double-wythe masonry panels strengthened with glass fiber reinforced polymers subjected to diagonal compression tests. J Eng Struct 39:24–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Mendes N, Lourenco PB, Campos-Costa A (2014) Shaking table testing of an existing masonry building: assessment and improvement of the seismic performance. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 43(2):247–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Turek M, Ventura C, Kuan S (2007) In-plane shake-table testing of GFRP strengthened concrete masonry walls. J Earthquake Spectra, EERI 23(1):223–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. ElGawady MA, Lestuzzi P, Badoux M (2007) Static cyclic response of masonry walls repaired fiber-reinforced polymers. J Compos Constr 11(1):50–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Marcari G, Manfredi G, Prota A, Pecce M (2007) In-plane shear performance of masonry panels strengthened with FRP. Compos B 38:887–901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. ElGawady M, Lestuzzi P, Badoux M (2004) A review of conventional seismic retrofitting techniques for URM. In: 13th international brick and block masonry conference. 1–10

  7. Aldemir A, Binici B, Canbay E, Yakut A (2017) Lateral load testing of an existing two story masonry building up to near collapse. Bull Earthquake Eng 15:3365–3383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9821-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sistani Nezhad R, Kabir MZ, Banazadeh M (2016) Shaking table test of fiber reinforced masonry walls under out-of-plane loading. Constr Build Mater 120:89–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Toranzo LA, Restrepo JI, Mander JB, Carr AJ (2009) Shake-table tests of confined-masonry rocking walls with supplementary hysteretic damping. J Earthquake Eng 13(6):882–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460802715040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. ELGawady MA, Lestuzzi P, Badoux M (2006) Retrofitting of masonry walls using shotcrete. In: Proceedings of the NZSEE conference

  11. Kahn L (1984) Shotcrete retrofit for unreinforced brick masonry. In: Proceedings of the 8th WCEE. USA

  12. Murty CVR, Dutta J, Agrawal SK (2004) Twin lintel belt in steel for seismic strengthening of brick masonry buildings. Earthquake Eng Eng Vib 3:215–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Galano L, Gusella V (1998) Reinforcement of masonry walls subjected to seismic loading using steel x-bracing. J Struct Eng 124(8):886–895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Borri A, Castori G, Corradi M (2011) Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by high strength steel cords. Constr Build Mater 25:494–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sadek H, Lissel S (2013) Seismic performance of masonry walls with GFRP and geogrid bed joint reinforcement. Constr Build Mater 41:977–989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mahmood H, Ingham JM (2011) Diagonal compression testing of FRP-retrofitted unreinforced clay brick masonry wallettes. J Compos Constr 15(5):810–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Milani G, Fedele R (2011) Finite element model for Frp-from-masonry delamination: three dimensional effects and interface traction assessment. In: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on composite structures. Porto

  18. Mahjoob Farshchi D, Motavalli M, Schumacher A, Marefat MS (2009) Numerical modeling of in-plane behavior of URM walls and an investigation into the aspect ratio, vertical and horizontal post-tensioning and head joint as a parametric study. Arch Civil Mech Eng 9(1):5–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bui TL, Si Larbi A, Reboul N, Ferrier E (2015) Shear behavior of masonry walls strengthened by external bonded FRP and TRC. Compos Struct 132(Supplement C):923–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.06.057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Facconi L, Conforti A, Minelli F, Plizzari GA (2015) Improving shear strength of unreinforced masonry walls by Nano-reinforced fibrous mortar coating. Mater Struct 48(8):2557–2574. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0337-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lin Y, Lawley D, Wotherspoon L, Ingham J (2014) In-plane strengthening of clay brick unreinforced masonry wallettes using ECC shotcrete. Eng Struct 66:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.01.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Martins A, Vasconcelos G, Fangueiro R, Cunha F (2015) Experimental assessment of an innovative strengthening material for brick masonry infills. Compos Part B: Eng 80(Supplement C):328–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Papanicolaou CG, Triantafillou TC, Karlos K, Papathanasiou M (2007) Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: in-plane cyclic loading. Mater Struct 40:1081–1097. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9207-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bui T-L, Si Larbi A, Reboul N, Ferrier E (2015) Shear behaviour of masonry walls strengthened by external bonded FRP and TRC. Compos Struct 132(Supplement C):923–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.06.057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Marques R, lourenço PB (2010) A new proposal for the design of confined masonry buildings. In: Proceedings of the 8th international masonry conference. Dresden

  26. Eshghi S, Pourazin K (2009) In-plane behavior of confined masonry walls with and without opening. Int J Civil Eng 7(1):49–60

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tena-Colunga A, Juلrez-ءngeles A (2009) Salinas-Vallejo VH. Cyclic behavior of combined and confined masonry walls. Eng Struct 31:240–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wijaya W, Kusumastuti D, Suarjana M et al (2011) Experimental study on wall-frame connection of confined masonry walls. Proc Eng 14:2094–2102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. San Bartolomé A, Delgado E, Quiun D (2009) Seismic behavior of a two story model of confined adobe masonry. In: Proceedings of the 11th Canadian masonry symposium. Toronto: Ontario

  30. Khanmohammadi M, Nahvinia MA, Marefat MS, Behnam H (2011) Experimental investigation of cyclic behavior of confined masonry walls with weak shear strength. In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference of seismology and earthquake engineering. Tehran (Iran)

  31. Riahi Z, Elwood KJ, Alcoccer SM (2009) Backbone model for confined masonry walls for performance-based seismic design. J Struct Eng ASCE 135(6):644–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ministry of Education (2010) Practical Instruction: shotcrete in seismic rehabilitation of schools (In Persian). State organization of school renovation development & No. 10289/2-3016, Iran

  33. Shabdin M, Attari N, Zargaran M (2019) Experimental study on seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry (URM) brick walls strengthened in the boundaries with shotcrete. J Earthquake Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1577763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. ASCE 41-06 (2006) Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. American society of civil engineers (ASCE)

  35. ASCE 41-17 (2017) Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. Journal (Issue)

  36. Code No. 360 (2013) Instruction for seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. Management and planning organization (Office of deputy for technical affairs) (in Persian)

  37. FEMA 356 (2000) Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Federal emergency management agency (FEMA), Washington.

  38. ASTM C-67-00 (2002) Standard test methods for sampling and testing brick and structural clay tile. ASTM international, West Conshohocken. www.astm.org

  39. ASTM C39/C39M-99 (2000) Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM international, West Conshohocken. www.astm.org

  40. INSO 3132 (2013) Hot-rolled steel bars for reinforcement of concrete specification and test methods, 2nd revision

  41. ASTM C1314-02A (2002) Standard test method for compressive strength of masonry prisms. American society for testing and materials

  42. Harris HG, Sabnis G (1999) Structural modeling and experimental techniques, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  43. ACI 374.1-05 (2019) Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary: an ACI standard: an ACI report. A. C. I. Committee 374, American concrete institute

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors express great gratitude to the Structural and Earthquake Research center of Islamic Azad University-Taft Branch for providing access to its experimental facilities.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Taft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Taft, Iran

    Batool Rismanian Yazdi & Mohammad Reza Javaheri Tafti

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran

    Alireza Mirjalili

Authors
  1. Batool Rismanian Yazdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Reza Javaheri Tafti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alireza Mirjalili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Reza Javaheri Tafti.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical appoval

This article does not any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rismanian Yazdi, B., Javaheri Tafti, M.R. & Mirjalili, A. Experimental study on in-plane seismic behavior of unreinforced and damaged unreinforced masonry walls retrofitted with vertical concrete ties and bed rebar with and without shotcrete. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8, 243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01207-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01207-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation