Abstract
The seismic risk of cylindrical concrete tanks on the ground is investigated in this study. Seismic fragility curves are developed for the damage state of bending crack width of the tank wall at the base. Bending crack width is obtained by the nonlinear analysis of reinforcement concrete. The design of the tanks is based on ACI 350.3 and Iranian provisions. Fragility curves are obtained using nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis. The fragility curves of the tanks developed in this study and the existing hazard curves for different regions of Iran were used to calculate the seismic risk. The most important result was the non-uniformity of the risk of the tanks in different zones in Iran. In some zones, the tanks’ failure probability is much higher than in other areas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACI Committee 350.3–06 (2006). Seismic design of liquid containing concrete structures and commentary. Farmington Hills (MI,USA), American Concrete Institute
American Lifelines Alliance (2001) Seismic fragility formulations for water systems. Part 2 –Appendices, ASCE-FEMA, pp. 239
Ansys 16.0 (2013), Analysis user manual, ansys mechanical APDL acoustic analysis guide
Baker JW (2015) Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis. Earthq Spectra 31(1):579–599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M
Berahman F, Behnamfar F (2009) Probabilistic seismic demand model and fragility estimates for critical failure modes of un-anchored steel storage tanks in petroleum complexes. Probab Eng Mech 24(4):527–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2009.03.005
Bhargava K, Ghosh AK, Ramanujam S (2005) Seismic response and fragility analysis of a water storage structure. Nucl Eng Des 235(14):1481–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.02.002
Colombo JI, Almazán JL (2017) Seismic fragility curves for legged wine storage tanks with a novel isolation device. Procedia Eng 199:564–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.172
Douglas J, Ulrich T, Negulescu C (2013) Risk-targeted seismic design maps for mainland France. Nat Hazards 65(3):1999–2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0460-6
Eads L, Miranda E, Krawinkler H, Lignos DG (2013) An efficient method for estimating the collapse risk of structures in seismic regions. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 42(1):25–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2191
Giardini D, Danciu L, Erdik M, Şeşetyan K, Tümsa MBD, Akkar S, Zare M (2018) Seismic hazard map of the Middle East. Bull Earthq Eng 16(8):3567–3570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0347-3
Hajimehrabi H, Behnamfar F, Samani AK, Goudarzi MA (2019) Fragility curves for baffled concrete cylindrical liquid-storage tanks. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 119:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.01.015
Iervolino I, Cornell CA (2005) Record selection for nonlinear seismic analysis of structures. Earthq Spectra 21(3):685–713. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1990199
Kakderi K, Argyroudis S (2014) Fragility functions of water and waste-water systems. In: Pitilakis K, Crowley H, Kaynia AM (eds) SYNER-G: typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 221–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7872-6_8
Kim JS, Jung JP, Moon JH, Lee TH, Kim JH, Han TS (2019) Seismic fragility analysis of base-isolated LNG storage tank for selecting optimum friction material of friction pendulum system. J Earthq Tsunami 13(02):1950010. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431119500106
Korkmaz KA, Sari A, Carhoglu AI (2011) Seismic risk assessment of storage tanks in Turkish industrial facilities. J Loss Prev Process Ind 24(4):314–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.01.003
L Liu, L Xie (2008) Research on acceptable risk level for cities’ ability in reducing earthquake disasters. In: Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering
Moslemi M, Kianoush MR (2012) Parametric study on dynamic behavior of cylindrical ground-supported tanks. Eng Struct 42:214–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.026
Munshi JA (2002) Design of liquid-containing concrete structures for earthquake forces. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, US
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) (2004) Earthquake loss estimation methodology. HAZUS’04, technical manual, vol 1. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Washington, DC
O’Rourke MJ, So P (2000) Seismic fragility curves for on-grade steel tanks. Earthq Spectra 16(4):801–815. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586140
Pavel F (2021) Seismic risk assessment of on-ground circular reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete water tanks using stochastic ground motion simulations. Bull Earthq Eng 19(1):161–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00982-1
Phan HN, Paolacci F, Bursi OS, Tondini N (2017) Seismic fragility analysis of elevated steel storage tanks supported by reinforced concrete columns. J Loss Prev Process Ind 47:57–65
MS Razzaghi, S Eshghi (2008) Development of analytical fragility curves for cylindrical steel oil tanks. In: Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering
Razzaghi MS, Mohebbi A (2011) Predicting the seismic performance of cylindrical steel tanks using artificial neural networks (ann). Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 8(2):129–140
Ru-deng LUO (2008) Values of shear transfer coefficients of concrete element Solid65 in Ansys [J]. J Jiangsu Univy (Natural Sci Edition) 2:018
Salzano E, Iervolino I, Fabbrocino G (2003) Seismic risk of atmospheric storage tanks in the framework of quantitative risk analysis. J Loss Prev Process Ind 16(5):403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(03)00052-4
Silva V, Crowley H, Bazzurro P (2016) Exploring risk-targeted hazard maps for Europe. Earthq Spectra 32(2):1165–1186. https://doi.org/10.1193/112514eqs198m
Taherian AR, Kalantari A (2019) Risk-targeted seismic design maps for Iran. J Seismolog 23(6):1299–1311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09867-6
Technical Assistant (2015) Office of research and technical criteria, planning and budget organization of Iran. Criteria and Criteria for Designing and Calculating Groundwater Reservoirs, Review pp. 123
Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2002) Incremental dynamic analysis. Earthquake Eng Struct Dynam 31(3):491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141
Vasudevan G, Kothandaraman S, Azhagarsamy S (2013) Study on non-linear flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams using ANSYS by discrete reinforcement modeling. Strength Mater 45(2):231–241
Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(4):974–1002. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840040974
Yazdabad M, Behnamfar F, Samani AK (2018) Seismic behavioral fragility curves of concrete cylindrical water tanks for sloshing, cracking, and wall bending. Earthq Structures 14(2):95–102. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.14.2.0955
Zacharenaki A, Fragiadakis M, Assimaki D, Papadrakakis M (2014) Bias assessment in incremental dynamic analysis due to record scaling. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 67:158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.09.007
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) for the support provided especially.
Funding
The author received no financial support for the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Khosravi, S., Goudarzi, M.A. Seismic risk assessment of on-ground concrete cylindrical water tanks. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8, 68 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-01002-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-01002-8