Abstract
Understanding the shear strength behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is considered complex due to various parameters involved, including steel fiber content, shear-span-to-depth ratio (a/d), reinforcement ratio (ρ), effective depth (d), and concrete compressive strength. This study utilizes artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming along with a worldwide experimental database to develop prediction models for the shear strength of SFRC beams. In this study, a new proposed empirical equation to determine the shear strength of SFRC beams is presented and compared with other existing equations from literature. The study presents a parametric analysis using ANN to investigate and quantify the individual effect of each of the variables on shear strength. The proposed models were compared with other existing models from the literature based on the average shear values (tested/predicted), the root-mean-squared error (RMSE), and the coefficient of variation (COV). The equation proposed herein proved to provide the most accurate estimates of shear strength of SFRC based on the ratio of the measured strength to the calculated strength of 1.00 and a COV of 27%. It was noted from the parametric analysis that increasing the steel fiber factor (F) from 0 up to 1% will increase the shear capacity; however, increasing it by more than 1% will not attain additional shear strength to the SFRC beams. The parametric analysis also indicated that shear-span-to-depth ratio and reinforcement ratio contribute the most to shear strength.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Vf, % | F = Vf l/d | ρt, % | d, mm | fc′, MPa | a/d | Exp. Shear capacity, MPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.00 | 0.60 | 2.20 | 102 | 22.70 | 3.00 | 3.16 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 1.10 | 102 | 22.70 | 3.00 | 2.43 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 1.10 | 102 | 22.70 | 1.50 | 5.64 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 2.20 | 102 | 26.00 | 3.00 | 3.55 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 2.20 | 204 | 22.70 | 3.00 | 3.05 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 2.20 | 204 | 26.00 | 3.00 | 3.05 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 1.34 | 197 | 29.10 | 2.00 | 2.54 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 1.34 | 197 | 29.10 | 2.80 | 1.78 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 1.34 | 197 | 29.10 | 3.60 | 1.52 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 2.00 | 197 | 29.90 | 2.80 | 2.20 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 2.00 | 197 | 20.60 | 2.80 | 2.03 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 2.00 | 197 | 33.40 | 2.80 | 2.91 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 1.34 | 197 | 29.90 | 2.00 | 2.88 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 1.34 | 197 | 29.90 | 2.80 | 2.03 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 1.34 | 197 | 20.60 | 2.80 | 1.52 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 1.10 | 221 | 34.00 | 2.50 | 1.79 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 2.20 | 221 | 34.00 | 1.50 | 4.02 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 2.20 | 221 | 34.00 | 2.50 | 1.90 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 2.20 | 221 | 34.00 | 3.50 | 1.47 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 2.20 | 221 | 34.00 | 1.50 | 4.39 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 2.20 | 221 | 34.00 | 2.50 | 2.46 |
0.25 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 130 | 48.80 | 2.00 | 2.96 |
0.25 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 130 | 48.80 | 2.50 | 2.67 |
0.25 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 130 | 48.80 | 3.00 | 2.77 |
0.25 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 130 | 31.36 | 2.00 | 2.71 |
0.25 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 130 | 31.36 | 2.50 | 2.07 |
0.25 | 0.25 | 2.00 | 130 | 31.36 | 3.00 | 1.94 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 130 | 48.64 | 3.00 | 3.23 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 2.00 | 130 | 52.64 | 3.00 | 3.66 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 130 | 28.80 | 3.00 | 1.97 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 130 | 29.20 | 3.00 | 2.97 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 130 | 48.64 | 2.00 | 4.62 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 130 | 48.64 | 2.50 | 3.69 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 2.00 | 130 | 39.20 | 3.50 | 2.61 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 2.00 | 130 | 45.84 | 2.00 | 5.57 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 2.00 | 130 | 45.84 | 2.50 | 4.42 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 2.00 | 130 | 45.92 | 3.50 | 2.97 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 3.69 | 128 | 39.20 | 3.00 | 2.96 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 5.72 | 126 | 39.20 | 3.10 | 3.55 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 3.69 | 128 | 28.80 | 3.00 | 2.24 |
0.50 | 0.67 | 5.72 | 126 | 28.80 | 3.10 | 2.33 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 3.69 | 128 | 45.92 | 3.00 | 4.37 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 5.72 | 126 | 45.92 | 3.10 | 5.00 |
1.50 | 1.50 | 5.72 | 126 | 50.40 | 3.10 | 4.85 |
2.00 | 2.00 | 5.72 | 126 | 40.64 | 3.10 | 4.93 |
1.50 | 1.50 | 3.69 | 128 | 50.40 | 3.00 | 4.46 |
0.50 | 0.50 | 5.72 | 126 | 47.20 | 2.00 | 5.46 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 5.72 | 126 | 43.20 | 2.00 | 6.77 |
1.50 | 1.50 | 5.72 | 126 | 50.40 | 2.00 | 7.15 |
2.00 | 2.00 | 5.72 | 126 | 40.64 | 2.00 | 6.30 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 215 | 92.00 | 2.00 | 1.68 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 215 | 92.60 | 4.00 | 0.89 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 215 | 93.70 | 6.00 | 0.56 |
0.50 | 0.38 | 2.84 | 215 | 99.00 | 1.00 | 9.09 |
0.50 | 0.38 | 2.84 | 215 | 99.10 | 2.00 | 4.82 |
0.50 | 0.38 | 2.84 | 215 | 95.40 | 4.00 | 2.27 |
0.50 | 0.38 | 2.84 | 215 | 95.83 | 6.00 | 1.95 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 2.84 | 215 | 95.30 | 1.00 | 12.74 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 2.84 | 215 | 95.30 | 2.00 | 6.06 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 2.84 | 215 | 97.53 | 4.00 | 3.17 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 2.84 | 215 | 100.50 | 6.00 | 1.96 |
1.50 | 1.13 | 2.84 | 215 | 96.40 | 1.00 | 13.95 |
1.50 | 1.13 | 2.84 | 215 | 96.60 | 2.00 | 7.21 |
1.50 | 1.13 | 2.84 | 215 | 97.10 | 4.00 | 3.51 |
1.50 | 1.13 | 2.84 | 215 | 101.32 | 6.00 | 1.98 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 4.58 | 215 | 94.50 | 2.00 | 6.73 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 4.58 | 215 | 93.80 | 4.00 | 3.88 |
1.00 | 0.75 | 4.58 | 215 | 95.00 | 6.00 | 2.93 |
0.80 | 0.80 | 3.05 | 210 | 38.16 | 4.50 | 3.22 |
0.40 | 0.40 | 4.00 | 210 | 35.52 | 4.50 | 2.16 |
0.80 | 0.80 | 4.00 | 210 | 37.44 | 4.50 | 3.10 |
1.20 | 1.20 | 4.00 | 210 | 39.84 | 4.50 | 3.13 |
0.25 | 0.50 | 3.55 | 345 | 43.12 | 0.70 | 9.16 |
0.50 | 1.00 | 3.55 | 345 | 51.60 | 0.70 | 10.15 |
0.75 | 1.00 | 3.55 | 345 | 49.76 | 0.70 | 9.42 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 3.55 | 345 | 46.40 | 0.70 | 10.46 |
1.25 | 1.00 | 3.55 | 345 | 54.56 | 0.70 | 11.48 |
1.00 | 1.25 | 3.55 | 345 | 53.60 | 0.70 | 11.39 |
1.00 | 0.25 | 3.55 | 345 | 49.28 | 0.46 | 13.16 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 3.55 | 345 | 46.64 | 0.58 | 11.71 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 3.55 | 345 | 44.48 | 0.81 | 9.91 |
1.00 | 0.25 | 3.55 | 345 | 47.92 | 0.93 | 9.97 |
1.00 | 1.33 | 3.55 | 345 | 30.24 | 0.70 | 8.52 |
0.50 | 0.33 | 3.59 | 175 | 80.00 | 2.00 | 6.84 |
0.50 | 0.33 | 3.59 | 175 | 80.00 | 3.00 | 3.19 |
0.50 | 0.33 | 3.59 | 175 | 80.00 | 4.50 | 2.78 |
1.00 | 0.66 | 3.59 | 175 | 80.00 | 2.00 | 7.40 |
1.00 | 0.66 | 3.59 | 175 | 80.00 | 3.00 | 4.10 |
1.00 | 0.66 | 3.59 | 175 | 80.00 | 4.50 | 3.44 |
0.50 | 0.17 | 1.22 | 186 | 28.70 | 2.00 | 1.64 |
0.50 | 0.33 | 1.22 | 186 | 32.20 | 2.00 | 1.94 |
1.00 | 0.33 | 1.22 | 186 | 29.00 | 2.00 | 2.18 |
1.00 | 0.33 | 1.22 | 186 | 32.10 | 3.00 | 1.58 |
1.00 | 0.66 | 1.22 | 186 | 32.30 | 3.00 | 1.98 |
1.50 | 0.50 | 1.22 | 186 | 32.80 | 3.00 | 2.42 |
1.00 | 0.66 | 1.22 | 186 | 32.60 | 2.00 | 2.73 |
1.00 | 0.40 | 2.68 | 150 | 38.70 | 2.67 | 4.49 |
2.00 | 0.80 | 2.68 | 150 | 42.40 | 2.67 | 5.73 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 4.31 | 265 | 35.60 | 2.00 | 5.51 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 4.31 | 265 | 40.88 | 3.43 | 4.05 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 4.31 | 265 | 36.00 | 4.91 | 2.92 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 2.76 | 265 | 37.76 | 2.00 | 4.93 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 2.76 | 265 | 33.12 | 3.43 | 3.13 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 2.76 | 265 | 35.92 | 4.91 | 2.94 |
1.00 | 1.00 | 1.55 | 265 | 35.68 | 2.00 | 4.65 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 2.15 | 557 | 54.10 | 1.35 | 3.30 |
1.50 | 0.90 | 2.15 | 557 | 49.90 | 1.35 | 3.87 |
0.40 | 0.24 | 2.15 | 557 | 55.00 | 1.35 | 2.44 |
0.60 | 0.36 | 2.15 | 557 | 56.00 | 1.35 | 2.77 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 2.15 | 557 | 54.10 | 1.35 | 2.84 |
1.50 | 0.90 | 2.15 | 557 | 49.90 | 1.35 | 3.33 |
0.60 | 0.60 | 2.15 | 557 | 40.80 | 1.35 | 2.83 |
0.40 | 0.40 | 2.15 | 557 | 47.00 | 1.35 | 2.95 |
0.50 | 0.30 | 3.89 | 340 | 35.00 | 2.00 | 10.68 |
0.75 | 0.45 | 3.89 | 340 | 33.00 | 2.00 | 8.87 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 3.89 | 340 | 36.00 | 2.00 | 10.31 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 3.89 | 340 | 36.00 | 2.50 | 7.56 |
1.00 | 0.60 | 3.89 | 340 | 36.00 | 1.50 | 15.05 |
0.50 | 0.31 | 1.50 | 212 | 63.80 | 2.00 | 5.09 |
0.75 | 0.47 | 1.50 | 212 | 68.60 | 2.00 | 5.44 |
0.50 | 0.31 | 1.50 | 212 | 62.60 | 3.00 | 3.09 |
0.75 | 0.47 | 1.50 | 212 | 63.80 | 3.00 | 3.40 |
0.50 | 0.31 | 1.50 | 212 | 63.80 | 4.00 | 2.41 |
0.75 | 0.47 | 1.50 | 212 | 68.80 | 4.00 | 2.74 |
0.50 | 0.31 | 1.50 | 212 | 30.80 | 2.00 | 4.04 |
0.50 | 0.31 | 1.50 | 212 | 30.80 | 3.00 | 2.55 |
0.50 | 0.31 | 1.50 | 212 | 30.80 | 4.00 | 2.00 |
0.50 | 0.27 | 1.32 | 202 | 21.30 | 3.00 | 1.57 |
1.00 | 0.55 | 1.32 | 202 | 19.60 | 3.00 | 1.86 |
0.50 | 0.27 | 0.75 | 437 | 21.30 | 3.10 | 1.18 |
1.00 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 437 | 19.60 | 3.10 | 1.51 |
0.75 | 0.60 | 1.95 | 261 | 32.90 | 3.45 | 2.77 |
1.00 | 0.80 | 1.95 | 261 | 23.80 | 3.45 | 2.38 |
1.25 | 1.00 | 1.95 | 261 | 24.10 | 3.45 | 2.90 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.18 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.18 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.10 |
0.22 | 0.10 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.18 |
0.22 | 0.10 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.18 |
0.22 | 0.10 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.10 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.10 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.40 | 2.49 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.20 | 2.49 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.20 | 2.18 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.20 | 1.95 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.30 | 2.34 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.30 | 2.18 |
0.44 | 0.45 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.20 | 2.57 |
0.44 | 0.45 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.00 | 2.57 |
0.44 | 0.45 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.00 | 2.42 |
0.44 | 0.45 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.00 | 2.57 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.40 | 2.26 |
0.22 | 0.22 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.40 | 2.10 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.00 | 2.34 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.00 | 2.42 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.00 | 2.57 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.60 | 2.03 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.40 | 2.10 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.40 | 2.03 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 5.00 | 1.95 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 1.79 |
0.44 | 0.27 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.00 | 2.49 |
0.44 | 0.27 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.20 | 2.65 |
0.44 | 0.27 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.20 | 2.34 |
0.44 | 0.27 | 3.09 | 127 | 40.21 | 4.20 | 2.57 |
0.88 | 0.55 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.72 | 3.20 | 2.88 |
0.88 | 0.55 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.72 | 3.40 | 2.73 |
0.88 | 0.55 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.72 | 3.40 | 2.57 |
0.88 | 0.55 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.72 | 3.40 | 3.27 |
0.88 | 0.55 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.72 | 3.40 | 3.12 |
1.76 | 1.09 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.79 | 2.80 | 4.44 |
1.76 | 1.09 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.79 | 1.80 | 6.00 |
1.76 | 1.09 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.79 | 1.20 | 11.30 |
1.76 | 1.09 | 3.09 | 127 | 39.79 | 1.20 | 10.91 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 1.95 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 1.87 |
0.22 | 0.14 | 3.09 | 127 | 33.22 | 4.80 | 2.03 |
1.00 | 0.40 | 4.47 | 180 | 90.60 | 3.33 | 8.33 |
1.00 | 0.48 | 4.47 | 180 | 83.20 | 3.33 | 8.22 |
0.50 | 0.43 | 4.47 | 180 | 80.50 | 3.33 | 7.03 |
0.75 | 0.65 | 4.47 | 180 | 80.50 | 3.33 | 7.31 |
1.00 | 0.48 | 3.09 | 195 | 39.40 | 3.08 | 4.87 |
1.00 | 0.50 | 4.28 | 235 | 91.40 | 2.77 | 6.62 |
1.00 | 0.40 | 4.28 | 235 | 93.30 | 2.77 | 7.74 |
1.00 | 0.48 | 4.28 | 235 | 89.60 | 2.77 | 8.68 |
1.00 | 0.40 | 3.06 | 410 | 76.80 | 2.93 | 3.57 |
1.00 | 0.40 | 3.06 | 410 | 76.80 | 2.93 | 4.15 |
1.00 | 0.48 | 3.06 | 410 | 72.00 | 2.93 | 4.52 |
1.00 | 0.48 | 3.06 | 410 | 72.00 | 2.93 | 4.04 |
0.50 | 0.43 | 3.06 | 410 | 69.30 | 2.93 | 3.27 |
0.50 | 0.43 | 3.06 | 410 | 69.30 | 2.93 | 3.85 |
0.75 | 0.65 | 3.06 | 410 | 60.20 | 2.93 | 4.18 |
0.75 | 0.65 | 3.06 | 410 | 75.70 | 2.93 | 3.61 |
1.00 | 0.40 | 2.87 | 570 | 76.80 | 2.98 | 2.68 |
1.00 | 0.48 | 2.87 | 570 | 72.00 | 2.98 | 3.56 |
0.75 | 0.65 | 2.87 | 570 | 60.20 | 2.98 | 3.05 |
0.75 | 0.56 | 3.08 | 300 | 109.50 | 1.75 | 8.85 |
0.75 | 0.56 | 3.08 | 300 | 110.00 | 2.50 | 4.78 |
0.75 | 0.56 | 3.08 | 300 | 111.50 | 3.50 | 3.53 |
0.75 | 0.56 | 3.08 | 300 | 110.80 | 4.50 | 3.58 |
1.00 | 0.47 | 4.93 | 255 | 55.84 | 1.96 | 6.64 |
0.75 | 0.49 | 2.67 | 251 | 28.10 | 3.49 | 3.03 |
0.75 | 0.49 | 2.67 | 251 | 25.30 | 3.49 | 2.12 |
1.00 | 0.65 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.90 | 3.49 | 2.92 |
1.00 | 0.65 | 2.67 | 251 | 26.20 | 3.49 | 3.29 |
1.50 | 0.98 | 2.67 | 251 | 28.10 | 3.49 | 2.97 |
1.50 | 0.98 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.30 | 3.49 | 3.51 |
0.50 | 0.40 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.50 | 3.49 | 1.75 |
0.50 | 0.40 | 2.67 | 251 | 24.90 | 3.49 | 2.07 |
0.75 | 0.60 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.80 | 3.49 | 2.44 |
0.75 | 0.60 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.30 | 3.49 | 2.71 |
1.00 | 0.80 | 2.67 | 251 | 26.30 | 3.49 | 3.11 |
1.00 | 0.80 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.10 | 3.49 | 2.79 |
0.75 | 0.49 | 2.67 | 251 | 53.40 | 3.49 | 3.03 |
0.75 | 0.49 | 2.67 | 251 | 54.10 | 3.49 | 3.37 |
1.00 | 0.65 | 2.67 | 251 | 53.20 | 3.49 | 3.85 |
1.00 | 0.65 | 2.67 | 251 | 55.30 | 3.49 | 4.41 |
1.50 | 0.98 | 2.67 | 251 | 64.60 | 3.49 | 5.21 |
1.50 | 0.98 | 2.67 | 251 | 59.90 | 3.49 | 4.28 |
0.50 | 0.40 | 2.67 | 251 | 47.80 | 3.49 | 3.40 |
0.50 | 0.40 | 2.67 | 251 | 49.50 | 3.49 | 4.06 |
0.75 | 0.60 | 2.67 | 251 | 55.30 | 3.49 | 3.90 |
0.75 | 0.60 | 2.67 | 251 | 56.40 | 3.49 | 4.75 |
1.00 | 0.80 | 2.67 | 251 | 53.40 | 3.49 | 3.43 |
1.00 | 0.80 | 2.67 | 251 | 51.00 | 3.49 | 4.20 |
1.00 | 0.50 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.80 | 3.49 | 2.12 |
1.00 | 0.50 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.20 | 3.49 | 2.10 |
1.00 | 0.85 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.60 | 3.49 | 2.63 |
1.00 | 0.85 | 2.67 | 251 | 27.90 | 3.49 | 2.18 |
1.00 | 0.50 | 2.67 | 251 | 34.70 | 3.49 | 2.66 |
1.00 | 0.50 | 2.67 | 251 | 36.20 | 3.49 | 2.68 |
1.00 | 0.85 | 2.67 | 251 | 37.00 | 3.49 | 2.95 |
1.00 | 0.85 | 2.67 | 251 | 38.30 | 3.49 | 2.79 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 254 | 29.00 | 3.50 | 3.13 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 254 | 29.00 | 3.50 | 3.11 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 394 | 39.00 | 3.61 | 2.72 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 394 | 39.00 | 3.61 | 3.27 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 541 | 50.00 | 3.45 | 2.49 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 541 | 50.00 | 3.45 | 3.51 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 813 | 50.00 | 3.50 | 3.39 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 813 | 50.00 | 3.50 | 3.49 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 1118 | 50.00 | 3.50 | 3.17 |
0.75 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 1118 | 50.00 | 3.50 | 3.06 |
Appendix 2
See Figs.
Gene expression algorithm flowchart
10,
Artificial neural network structure
11 and Table
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Momani, Y., Tarawneh, A., Alawadi, R. et al. Shear strength prediction of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00703-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00703-w