Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Performance characteristics of rubberized concrete: a multipoint review

  • Review
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Natural aggregates (NA) are scarce in nature, but their demand in the construction sector is increased abruptly. Meeting the increased demand for NA in the construction sector is a big challenge. On the other hand, millions of scrap rubber tires are discarded each year globally, and this quantity is increasing at a fast pace. Degradation of rubber tires takes a long time and also deteriorates the environment as the chemicals in the rubber leach into the soil and surrounding water bodies when decomposes. Plants, soil, and aquatic environments are all threatened by many of these chemicals. Due to difficulties and time taken in degradation, exhausted rubber tires should be used smartly. The use of the aggregates obtained from scrap rubber tires can be a progressive step toward a cleaner environment by minimizing the rubber burden on the soil as it can substitute the NA. This review paper analyzes the mechanical and physical properties of the rubberized concrete (RC) in order to set rubber aggregates (RA) as a substitution of NA. Various measures like the behavior of RC in elevated temperature and corrosive environment and the effect of surface treatments on RA are analyzed. It is observed that although the mechanical strengths of rubberized concrete are somewhat lower than that of conventional concrete, behavior in elevated temperature and corrosive environments is slightly better. Various works of the literature mention up to 30% replacement of NA by RA are suitable for structural works.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

RC:

Rubberized concrete

RP:

Rubber particles

RA:

Rubber aggregates

NA:

Natural aggregates

RF:

Rubber fiber

References

  1. Adeboje AO, Kupolati WK, Sadiku ER, Ndambuki JM, Kambole C (2020) Experimental investigation of modified bentonite clay-crumb rubber concrete. Constr Build Mater 233(117187):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Li Y, Zhang X, Wang R, Lei Y (2019) Performance enhancement of rubberized concrete via surface modification of rubber: A review. Constr Build Mater 227(116691):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Buss AH, Kovaleski JL, Pagani RN, Silva VL, Silva JM (2019) Proposal to Reuse Rubber Waste from End-Of-Life Tires Using Thermosetting Resin. Sustain. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246997

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang R, Gao P, Tian M, Dai Y (2019) Experimental study on mechanical and waterproof performance of lightweight foamed concrete mixed with crumb rubber. Constr Build Mater 209:655–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Awolusi TF, Oke OL, Atoyebi OD et al (2021) Waste tires steel fiber in concrete: a review. Innov Infrastruct Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00393-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Xu J, Yao Z, Yang G, Han Q (2020) Research on crumb rubber concrete: From a multi-scale review. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mishra L (2016) Turning waste tire into green steel. THE HINDU. https://www.thehindu.com/business/Turning-waste-tyre-into-%E2%80%98green-steel%E2%80%99/article14518524.ece. Accessed 18 October 2016

  8. Freedonia (2016) World construction aggregates. The Freedonia Group. Industry Study 3389. Accessed March 2016

  9. Huang W, Huang X, Xing Q, Zhou Z (2020) Strength reduction factor of crumb rubber as fine aggregate replacement in concrete. Build Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Aslani F, Sun J, Huang G (2019) Mechanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. J Mater Civ Eng, ISSN: 0899-1561. doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002942

  11. Sharba AAK, Ibrahim AJ (2020) Evaluating the use of steel scrap, waste tiles, waste paving blocks and silica fume in flexural behavior of concrete. Innov Infrastruct Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00341-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Loadman MJR (1985) The glass transition temperature of natural rubber. J Therm Anal 1985:929–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Markl E, Lackner M (2020) Devulcanization Technologies for Recycling of Tire-Derived Rubber: A Review. Mater. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Abd-Elaal ES, Araby S, Mills JE, Youssf O, Roychand R, Ma X, Zhuge Y, Gravina RJ (2019) Novel approach to improve crumb rubber concrete strength using thermal treatment. Constr Build Mater 229:116901–116911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gupta T, Siddique S, Sharma RK, Chaudhary S (2019) Behaviour of waste rubber powder and hybrid rubber concrete in aggressive environment. Constr Build Mater 217:283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Siad H, Lachemi M, Ismail MK, Sherir MAA, Sahmaran M, Hassan AAA (2019) Effect of Rubber Aggregate and Binary Mineral Admixtures on Long-Term Properties of Structural Engineered Cementitious Composites. J Mater Civ Eng ISSN 0899-1561.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002894

  17. Hossain FMZ, Shahjalal M, Islam K, Tiznobaik M, Alam MS (2019) Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete containing crumb rubber and polypropylene fiber. Constr Build Mater 225:983–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Saberian M, Shi L, Sidiq A, Li J, Setunge S, Li CQ (2019) Recycled concrete aggregate mixed with crumb rubber under elevated temperature. Constr Build Mater 222:119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Youssf O, Mills JE, Benn T, Zhuge Y, Ma X, Roychand R, Gravina R (2020) Development of Crumb Rubber Concrete for Practical Application in the Residential Construction Sector – Design and Processing. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang J, Guo Z, Yuan Q, Zhang P, Fang H (2020) Effects of ages on the ITZ microstructure of crumb rubber concrete. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Xie J, Zheng Y, Guo Y, Ou R, Xie Z, Huang L (2019) Effects of crumb rubber aggregate on the static and fatigue performance of reinforced concrete slabs. Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bisht K, Ramana PV (2017) Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of crumb rubber concrete. Constr Build Mater 155:811–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Eisa AS, Elshazli MT, Nawar MT (2020) Experimental investigation on the effect of using crumb rubber and steel fibers on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhu H, Rong B, Xie R, Yang Z (2018) Experimental investigation on the floating of rubber particles of crumb rubber concrete. Constr Build Mater 164:644–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Abdelmonem A, El-Feky MS, Nasr ESAR, Kohail M (2019) Performance of high strength concrete containing recycled rubber. Constr Build Mater 227(116660):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Choudhary S, Chaudhary S, Jain A, Gupta R (2020) Assessment of effect of rubber tire fiber on functionally graded concrete. Mater Today Proc 28:1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Choudhary S, Chaudhary S, Jain A, Gupta R (2020) Valorization of waste rubber tire fiber in functionally graded concrete. Mater Today Proc 32:645–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mhaya AM, Huseien GF, Abidin ARZ, Ismail M (2020) Long-term mechanical and durable properties of waste tires rubber crumbs replaced GBFS modified concretes. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mousavimehr M, Nematzadeh M (2019) Predicting post-fire behavior of crumb rubber aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gupta T, Sharma RK, Chaudhary S (2015) Impact resistance of concrete containing waste rubber fiber and silica fume. Int J Impact Eng 83:76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gupta T, Siddique S, Sharma RK, Chaudhary S (2021) Investigating mechanical properties and durability of concrete containing recycled rubber ash and fibers. J Mat Cycles Waste Manag 23:1048–1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01192-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Gupta T, Chaudhary S, Sharma RK (2016) Mechanical and durability properties of waste rubber fiber concrete with and without silica fume. J Clean Prod 112:702–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zaleska M, Pavlik Z, Citek D, Jankovsky O, Pavlikova M (2019) Eco-friendly concrete with scrap-tire-rubber-based aggregate – Properties and thermal stability. Constr Build Mater 225:709–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bisht K, Ramana PV (2019) Waste to resource conversion of crumb rubber for production of sulphuric acid resistant concrete. Constr Build Mater 194:276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang J, Dai Q, Guo S, Si R (2019) Mechanical and durability performance evaluation of crumb rubber-modified epoxy polymer concrete overlays. Constr Build Mater 203:469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mendis ASM, Al-Deen S, Ashraf M (2017) Behaviour of similar strength crumbed rubber concrete (CRC) mixes with different mix proportions. Constr Build Mater 137:354–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jokar F, Khorram M, Karimi G, Hataf N (2019) Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of crumbed rubber concrete containing natural zeolite. Constr Build Mater 208:651–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Lv J, Zhou T, Du Q, Li K (2020) Experimental and analytical study on uniaxial compressive fatigue behavior of self-compacting rubber lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 237(117623):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Martínez-Barrera G, Coz-Díaz JJ, Martínez-Cruz E et al (2019) Modified recycled tire fibers by gamma radiation and their use on the improvement of polymer concrete. Constr Build Mater 204:327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Siddique R, Naik TR (2004) Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber – an overview. Waste Manag 24:563–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Thomas BS, Gupta RC (2016) A comprehensive review on the applications of waste tire rubber in cement concrete. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:1323–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Thomas BS, Gupta RC, Kalla P, Cseteneyi L (2014) Strength, abrasion and permeation characteristics of cement concrete containing discarded rubber fine aggregates. Constr Build Mater 59:204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Benazzouk A, Douzane O, Langlet T et al (2007) Physico-mechanical properties and water absorption of cement composite containing shredded rubber wastes. Cem Concr Compos 29:732–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Guo YC, Zhang JH, Chen G et al (2014) Fracture behaviors of a new steel fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete with crumb rubber. Constr Build Mater 53:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Mohammed BS, Awang AB, Wong SS, Nhavene CP (2016) Properties of nano silica modified rubbercrete. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Yan K, Wang S, Ge D, Chen J, Tian S, Sun H (2020) Laboratory performance of asphalt mixture with waste tire rubber and APAO modified asphalt binder. Int J Pavement Eng, ISSN: 1029–8436 (Print) 1477–268X (Online). https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1730837

  47. Siddika A, Al Mamun MA, Alyousef R et al (2019) Properties and utilizations of waste tire rubber in concrete: A review. Constr Build Mater 224:711–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Youssf O, ElGawady MA, Mills JE, Ma X (2014) An experimental investigation of crumb rubber concrete confined by fibre reinforced polymer tubes. Constr Build Mater 53:522–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Guo S, Dai Q, Si R et al (2017) Evaluation of properties and performance of rubber-modified concrete for recycling of waste scrap tire. J Clean Prod 148:681–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Gupta T, Chaudhary S, Sharma RK (2014) Assessment of mechanical and durability properties of concrete containing waste rubber tire as fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 73:562–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Pelisser F, Zavarise N, Longo TA, Bernardin AM (2011) Concrete made with recycled tire rubber: Effect of alkaline activation and silica fume addition. J Clean Prod 19:757–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.11.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Dehdezi PK, Erdem S, Blankson MA (2015) Physico-mechanical, microstructural and dynamic properties of newly developed artificial fly ash based lightweight aggregate – Rubber concrete composite. Compos Part B 79:451–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.05.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Pham NP, Toumi A, Turatsinze A (2018) Rubber aggregate-cement matrix bond enhancement: Microstructural analysis, effect on transfer properties and on mechanical behaviours of the composite. Cem Concr Compos. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Medina NF, Medina DF, Hernandez-Olivares F, Navacerrada MA (2017) Mechanical and thermal properties of concrete incorporating rubber and fibres from tire recycling. Constr Build Mater 144:563–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhu H, Wang Z, Xu J, Han Q (2019) Microporous structures and compressive strength of high-performance rubber concrete with internal curing agent. Constr Build Mater 215:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Yuan J, Chen X, Shen N, Fan X, Lu J (2019) Experimental study on the pore structure variation of self-compacting rubberized concrete under fatigue load. Road Mater Pavement Design. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1643396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Srivastava S, Rao AK, Zain M, Kumar R (2020) Utilization of waste rubber fiber considering modification in strength reduction factor and its effect on the behavior of concrete. Mater Today Proc 21:1489–1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Issa CA, Salem G (2013) Utilization of recycled crumb rubber as fine aggregates in concrete mix design. Constr Build Mater 42:48–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Lijuan L, Shenghua R, Lan Z (2014) Mechanical properties and constitutive equations of concrete containing a low volume of tire rubber particles. Constr Build Mater 70:291–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Li G, Wang Z, Leung CKY et al (2015) Properties of rubberized concrete modified by using silane coupling agent and carboxylated SBR. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Nazim KB, Hall MR (2013) Crumb rubber aggregate coatings/pre-treatments and their effects on interfacial bonding, air entrapment and fracture toughness in self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC). Mater Struct. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0034-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kashani A, Ngo TD, Hemachandra P, Hajimohammadi A (2018) Effects of surface treatments of recycled tire crumb on cement-rubber bonding in concrete composite foam. Constr Build Mater 171(2018):467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Vazquez LPR, Orduna RS, Torres JH, Bolanos EA (2014) Effect of the surface treatment of recycled rubber on the mechanical strength of composite concrete/rubber. Mater Struct. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0355-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Chou LH, Lin CN, Lu CK et al (2010) Improving rubber concrete by waste organic sulfur compounds. Waste Manag Res, ISSN 0734–242X. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X09103843

  65. Ossola G, Wojcik A (2014) UV modification of tire rubber for use in cementitious composites. Cem Concr Compos. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Ismail MK, Hassan AAA (2017) An experimental study on flexural behaviour of large-scale concrete beams incorporating crumb rubber and steel fibres. Eng Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Mendis ASM, Al-Deen S, Ashraf M (2017) Effect of rubber particles on the flexural behaviour of reinforced crumbed rubber concrete beams. Constr Build Mater 154(2017):644–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Son KS, Hajirasouliha I, Pilakoutas K (2011) Strength and deformability of waste tire rubber-filled reinforced concrete columns. Constr Build Mater 25(2011):218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Xue J, Shinozuka M (2013) Rubberized concrete a green structural material with enhanced energy-dissipation capability. Constr Build Mater 42(2013):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Youssf O, ElGawady MA, Mills JE (2016) Static cyclic behaviour of FRP-confined crumb rubber concrete columns. Eng Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Sharma R, Khan RA (2017) Sustainable Use of Copper Slag in Self Compacting Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable supports of Central Library’s staffs at National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India for providing the valuable resources reported in this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India

    Gyanendra Kumar Chaturvedy & Umesh Kumar Pandey

Authors
  1. Gyanendra Kumar Chaturvedy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Umesh Kumar Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gyanendra Kumar Chaturvedy.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical statement

The manuscript complies with the ethical standards of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The authors followed all the guidelines of COPE while preparing this manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chaturvedy, G.K., Pandey, U.K. Performance characteristics of rubberized concrete: a multipoint review. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 43 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00637-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00637-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation