Abstract
This paper presents the utilization of shape-memory alloys (SMAs) and engineered cementitious composites (ECC) as an alternative to carbon steel and concrete, respectively, for the seismic retrofitting of deficient reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames using the technique of column jacketing. An open ground story (OGS) of a three-story RC frame was retrofitted with four different materials combination; conventional carbon steel rebar-concrete jacketing (S1), ECC-carbon steel rebar jacketing (S2), SMA rebar-concrete jacketing (S3), and SMA rebar-ECC jacketing (S4), and an un-retrofitted frame (control frame, S5). Nonlinear static time history analyses were performed using a finite element program, and the results for the un-retrofitted and various retrofitted frames were assessed in terms of hysteretic response force–displacement curves, energy dissipation, performance criteria, and lateral force–deformation capacity curves. Results indicated that using SMA rebar and ECC concrete collectively as jacketing materials offer maximum benefits such as an increase in lateral resistance, reduction in residual deformation through the self-recovering ability of SMA, as well as provide adequate energy dissipation capacity. Furthermore, dynamic time history analyses were performed on two-story portal frames and inter-story drift demands were identified for the un-retrofitted and various retrofitted frames. SMA-reinforced retrofitted frames slightly increased inter-story drifts due to the lower modulus of elasticity of SMA, resulting in lower stiffness of the frames. In order to keep the inter-story drift demand within an acceptable limit, the stiffness of the SMA frames needs to be increased.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Erdil B (2017) Why RC buildings failed in the 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes: construction versus design practices. J Perform Constr Facil 31(3):04016110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000980
Naseer A, Naeem Khan A, Hussain Z, Ali Q (2010) Observed seismic behavior of buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Earthq Spectra 26(2):425–449. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3383119
Arslan MH, Korkmaz HH (2007) What is to be learned from damage and failure of reinforced concrete structures during recent earthquakes in Turkey? Eng Fail Anal 14(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.01.003
Khan MS, Basit A, Ahmad N (2021) A simplified model for inelastic seismic analysis of RC frame have shear hinge in beam-column joints. Structures 29:771–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.11.072
Khan MS, Basit A, Khan U (2021) Seismic upgrade of deficient RC frames using different configurations of eccentric steel braces. Asian J Civ Eng 22(3):461–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00325-0
Jagadale UT, Kare V, Nayak CB, Deulkar WN (2019) Earthquake response of 3d frames with strap footing considering soil structure interaction. In: 2nd International conference on advanced technologies for societal applications, vol 1. ISBN 978-3-030-16847-6, ISBN 978-3-030-16848-3 (eBook). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16848-3_81
Jagadale UT, Nayak CB, Mankar A, Thakare SB, Deulkar WN (2020) An experimental-based python programming for structural health monitoring of non-engineered RC frame. Innov Infrastruct Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-0260-x
Nayak CB, Thakare SB (2019) Seismic performance of existing water tank after condition ranking using non-destructive testing. Int J Adv Struct Eng 11(4):395–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-00241-x
Shaha P, Kamatchi P, Nayak CB (2018) Effect of vertical ground motions on the response of long span roof truss. In: The 16th symposium on earthquake engineering, Department of Earthquake Engineering. IIT Roorkee
Nerkar S, Nayak C (2016) Seismic behaviour of elevated storage reservoir by finite element method. Int J Adv Technol Eng Sci 4(1):1188–1197
Wadgave P, Nayak C (2016) Vibrational analysis of chimney equipped with strakes and tune mass damper. Int J Adv Technol Eng Sci 4(1):321–333
Nayak CB, Thakare SB (2017) Seismic behaviour of existing retrofitted elevated water tank after NDT investigations using SAP 2000. In: The 8th international conference on structural engineering and construction management 2017, Earl's Regency Hotel, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp 1–6
Basit A, Khan MS, Ahmad N (2018) Seismic fragility of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame structures in Pakistan. In: 4th Conference on sustainability in process industry (sPI), Peshawar, Pakistan, pp 108–112
Nayak CB, Thakare SB (2017) Analysis and retrofitting of elevated water tank in Pune district: by Uttarkashi earthquake. J Eng Technol 6:201–211
Nayak CB (2021) A state-of-the-art review of vertical ground motion (VGM) characteristics, effects and provisions. Innov Infrastruct Solut 6(124). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00491-3
Ahmad N, Shahzad A, Rizwan M, Khan AN, Ali SM, Ashraf M, Alam B (2019) Seismic performance assessment of non-compliant SMRF-reinforced concrete frame: shake-table test study. J Earthq Eng 23(3):444–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1326426
Rizwan M, Ahmad N, Khan AN (2018) Seismic performance of compliant and noncompliant special moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames. ACI Struct J 115(4):1063–1073. https://doi.org/10.14359/51702063
Badrashi YI, Ali Q, Ashraf M (2010) Reinforced concrete buildings in Pakistan—housing report. Housing Report No. 159. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, pp 1–16
Rashid M, Ahmad N (2017) Economic losses due to earthquake—induced structural damages in RC SMRF structures. Cogent Eng 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1296529
Zou XK, Teng JG, De Lorenzis L, Xia SH (2007) Optimal performance-based design of FRP jackets for seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete frames. Compos B Eng 38(5–6):584–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.016
Ye LP, Yue QR, Zhao SH, Li QW (2002) Shear strength of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic sheet. J Struct Eng 128:1527–1534
Ghobarah A, Elmandoohgalal K (2004) Seismic rehabilitation of short rectangular RC columns. J Earthq Eng 8(1):45–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460409350480
Haroun MA, Elsanadedy HM (2005) Behavior of cyclically loaded squat reinforced concrete bridge columns upgraded with advanced composite-material jackets. J Bridg Eng 10(6):741–748. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0702(2005)10:6(741)
Harajli MH, Dagher F (2008) Seismic strengthening of bond-critical regions in rectangular reinforced concrete columns using fibre-reinforced polymer wraps. ACI Struct J 105:68–77
Harajli MH (2008) Seismic behavior of RC columns with bond-critical regions: criteria for bond strengthening using external FRP jackets. J Compos Constr 12(1):69–79. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0268(2008)12:1(69)
Chang C, Kim SJ, Park D, Choi S (2014) Experimental investigation of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with polyester sheet. Earthq Struct 6(3):237–250. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.6.3.237
Ouyang LJ, Gao WY, Zhen B, Lu ZD (2017) Seismic retrofit of square reinforced concrete columns using basalt and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer sheets: a comparative study. Compos Struct 162:294–307
Eshghi S, Zanjanizadeh V (2008) Retrofit of slender square reinforced concrete columns with glass fibre-reinforced polymer for seismic resistance. Iran J Sci Technol Trans B 32:437–450
Juntanalikit P, Jirawattanasomkul T, Pimanmas A (2016) Experimental and numerical study of strengthening non-ductile RC columns with and without lap splice by carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) jacketing. Eng Struct 125:400–418
Wang D, Huang L, Yu T, Wang Z (2017) Seismic performance of CFRP-retrofitted large-scale square RC columns with high axial compression ratios. J Compos Constr 21(5):04017031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000813
Liu J, Sheikh SA (2013) Fibre-reinforced polymer-confined circular columns under simulated seismic loads. ACI Struct J 110:941–951
Nayak CB, Narule GN, Surwase HR (2021) Structural and cracking behaviour of RC T-beams strengthened with BFRP sheets by experimental and analytical investigation. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.01.001
Nayak CB (2020) Experimental and numerical investigation on compressive and flexural behavior of structural steel tubular beams strengthened with AFRP composites. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2020.02.001
Daudey X, Filiatrault A (2000) Seismic evaluation and retrofit with steel jackets of reinforced concrete bridge piers detailed with lap-splices. Can J Civ Eng 27(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1139/l99-029
Wu YF, Griffith MC, Oehlers DJ (2003) Improving the strength and ductility of rectangular reinforced concrete columns through composite partial interaction: tests. J Struct Eng 129(9):1183–1190. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2003)129:9(1183)
Choi E, Chung YS, Park C, Kim DJ (2013) Seismic performance of circular RC columns retrofitted with prefabricated steel wrapping jackets. Mag Concr Res 65(23):1429–1440. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.13.00177
Wang L, Su RKL, Cheng B, Li LZ, Wan L, Shan ZW (2017) Seismic behavior of preloaded rectangular RC columns strengthened with precambered steel plates under high axial load ratios. Eng Struct 152:683–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.09.048
Raza S, Khan MKI, Menegon SJ, Tsang HH, Wilson JL (2019) Strengthening and repair of reinforced concrete columns by jacketing: State-of-the-art review. Sustainability (Switzerland). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113208
Ou YC, Truong AN (2018) Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete L- and T-columns retrofitted from rectangular columns. Eng Struct 177:147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.09.012
Vandoros KG, Dritsos SE (2008) Concrete jacket construction detail effectiveness when strengthening RC columns. Constr Build Mater 22(3):264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.019
Liu C, Ma H, Chen L, Li Z, Yang D (2017) Experimental study on seismic performance of reinforced concrete column retrofitted by asymmetric increased single lateral section. Adv Struct Eng 20(9):1325–1339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216677125
Chang SY, Chen TW, Tran NC, Liao WI (2014) Seismic retrofitting of RC columns with RC jackets and wing walls with different structural details. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 13(2):279–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-014-0230-4
Cho CG, Kim YY, Feo L, Hui D (2012) Cyclic responses of reinforced concrete composite columns strengthened in the plastic hinge region by HPFRC mortar. Compos Struct 94(7):2246–2253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.01.025
Dagenais MA, Massicotte B, Boucher-Proulx G (2018) Seismic retrofitting of rectangular bridge piers with deficient lap splices using ultrahighperformance fibre-reinforced concrete. J Bridg Eng 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001173
Deng M, Zhang Y, Li Q (2018) Shear strengthening of RC short columns with ECC jacket: cyclic behavior tests. Eng Struct 160:535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.061
Hassanean YA, Assaf KA, Raheem SEA, Arafa ANM (2012) Behavior of repaired R.C. beams by using steel fiber concrete jacket and subjected to short time repeated loading. J Eng Sci Assiut Univ 40(5):1309–1324
Hassanean YA, Assaf KA, Raheem SEA, Arafa ANM (2013) Flexural behavior of strengthened and repaired R.C. beams by using steel fiber concrete jacket under repeated load. Int J Civ Struct Eng 3(3):564–578
Fang C, Wang W (2019) Shape memory alloys for seismic resilience. In: Shape memory alloys for seismic resilience. Springer Singapore, pp 1–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7040-3
Abdulridha A, Palermo D (2017) Behaviour and modelling of hybrid SMA-steel reinforced concrete slender shear wall. Eng Struct 147:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.058
Vernon LB, Vernon HM (1941) Process of manufacturing articles of thermoplastic synthetic resins. US Patent 2, 234, 993
Ölander A (1932) An electrochemical investigation of solid cadmium-gold alloys. J Am Chem Soc 54(10):3819–3833. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01349a004
Buehler WJ, Gilfrich JV, Wiley RC (1963) Effect of low-temperature phase changes on the mechanical properties of alloys near composition TiNi. J Appl Phys 34(5):1475–1477. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1729603
Frick CP, Ortega AM, Tyber J, Maksound AEM, Maier HJ, Liu Y, Gall K (2005) Thermal processing of polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 405(1–2):34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.102
Mahmoud MAE, Nehdi ML (2018) Exploring the synergy of ECCs and SMAs in creating resilient civil infrastructure. Mag Concr Res 70(4):172–188. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00033
Youssef MA, Alam MS, Nehdi M (2008) Experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of beam-column joints reinforced with superelastic shape memory alloys. J Earthq Eng 12(7):1205–1222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460802003082
Nahar M, Muntasir Billah AHM, Kamal HR, Islam K (2019) Numerical seismic performance evaluation of concrete beam-column joint reinforced with different super elastic shape memory alloy rebars. Eng Struct 194:161–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.054
Alam MS, Nehdi M, Youssef MA (2009) Seismic performance of concrete frame structures reinforced with superelastic shape memory alloys. Smart Struct Syst 5(5):565–585. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2009.5.5.565
Elbahy YI, Youssef MA, Meshaly M (2019) Seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames retrofitted using external superelastic shape memory alloy bars. Bull Earthq Eng 17(2):781–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0477-7
Abraik E, Youssef MA (2018) Seismic fragility assessment of superelastic shape memory alloy reinforced concrete shear walls. J Build Eng 19:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.009
Cortés-Puentes L, Zaidi M, Palermo D, Dragomirescu E (2018) Cyclic loading testing of repaired SMA and steel reinforced concrete shear walls. Eng Struct 168:128–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.04.044
Cortés-Puentes WL, Palermo D (2018) Seismic retrofit of concrete shear walls with SMA tension braces. J Struct Eng 144(2):04017200. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001936
Li VC, Stang H, Krenchel H (1993) Micromechanics of crack bridging in fibre-reinforced concrete. Mater Struct 26(8):486–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472808
Li VC, Leung CKY (1992) Steady-state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites. J Eng Mech 118(11):2246–2264. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:11(2246)
Li VC (2003) On engineered cementitious composites (ECC). A review of the material and its applications. J Adv Concr Technol 1(3):215–230
Li VC, Wang S, Wu C (2001) Tensile strain-hardening behavior or polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC). ACI Mater J 98(6):483–492. https://doi.org/10.14359/10851
Maalej M, Hashida T, Li VC (1995) Effect of fiber volume fraction on the off-crack-plane fracture energy in strain-hardening engineered cementitious composites. J Am Ceram Soc 78(12):3369–3375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb07979.x
Xu L, Pan J, Chen J (2017) Mechanical behavior of ECC and ECC/RC composite columns under reversed cyclic loading. J Mater Civ Eng 29(9):04017097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001950
Wu C, Pan Z, Su RKL, Leung CKY, Meng S (2017) Seismic behavior of steel reinforced ECC columns under constant axial loading and reversed cyclic lateral loading. Mater Struct Materiaux et Constructions 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0947-9
Yuan F, Pan J, Dong L, Leung CKY (2014) Mechanical behaviors of steel reinforced ECC or ECC/concrete composite beams under reversed cyclic loading. J Mater Civ Eng 26(8):04014047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000935
Zhang R, Matsumoto K, Hirata T, Ishizeki Y, Niwa J (2015) Application of PP-ECC in beam-column joint connections of rigid-framed railway bridges to reduce transverse reinforcements. Eng Struct 86:146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.005
Alyousif A, Anil O, Sahmaran M, Lachemi M, Yildirim G, Ashour AF (2016) Comparison of shear behaviour of engineered cementitious composite and normal concrete beams with different shear span lengths. Mag Concr Res 68(5):217–228. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.14.00336
Frank TE, Lepech MD, Billington SL (2017) Experimental testing of reinforced concrete and reinforced ECC flexural members subjected to various cyclic deformation histories. Mater Struct Materiaux et Constr 50(5). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1102-y
Said SH, Abdul Razak H (2016) Structural behavior of RC engineered cementitious composite (ECC) exterior beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading. Constr Build Mater 107:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.001
Qudah S, Maalej M (2014) Application of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) in interior beam-column connections for enhanced seismic resistance. Eng Struct 69:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.03.026
Kanda T, Watanabe S, Li VC (1998) Application of pseudo strain hardening cementitious composites to shear resistant structural elements. Framcos-3 (October), 1477–1490
Cruz Noguez CA, Saiidi MS (2013) Performance of advanced materials during earthquake loading tests of a bridge system. J Struct Eng 139(1):144–154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000611
Li X, Li M, Song G (2015) Energy-dissipating and self-repairing SMA-ECC composite material system. Smart Mater Struct 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/2/025024
Karki P, Oinam RM, Sahoo DR (2020) Evaluation of seismic strengthening techniques for non-ductile soft-story RC frame. Adv Concr Constr 9(4):423–435. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.9.4.423
Seismosoft, SeismoStruct 2020—A computer program for static and dynamic nonlinear analysis of framed structures. https://seismosoft.com/ (2020)
Mander JB, Priestley MJN, Park R (1988) Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. J Struct Eng 114(8):1804–1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
Menegotto M, Pinto PE (1973) Method of analysis for cyclically loaded R.C. plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behaviour of elements under combined normal force and bending. In: Symposium on the resistance and ultimate deformability of structures acted on by well defined repeated loads, international association for bridge and structural engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, pp 15–22
Han TS, Feenstra PH, Billington SL (2003) Simulation of highly ductile fiber-reinforced cement-based composite components under cyclic loading. ACI Struct J 100(6):749–757. https://doi.org/10.14359/12841
Auricchio F, Sacco E (1997) A superelastic shape-memory-alloy beam model. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 8(6):489–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9700800602
Fugazza D (2003) Shape-memory alloy devices in earthquake engineering: mechanical properties, constitutive modelling and numerical simulations. European School of Advanced Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk, (September 2003), 148.
Deierlein GG, Reinhorn AM, Willford MR (2010). Nonlinear structural analysis for seismic design. NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 4, produced by the NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture, a partnership of the Applied Technology Council and the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering, for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, NIST GCR, 10-917-5
Hung CC, Yen WM, Yu KH (2016) Vulnerability and improvement of reinforced ECC flexural members under displacement reversals: Experimental investigation and computational analysis. Constr Build Mater 107:287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.019
MacGregor JG, Wight JK (2005) Reinforced concrete mechanics and design. 4th edn
Paulay T, Priestley MNJ (1992) Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. Wiley, New York
Berry MP, Eberhard MO (2003) Performance models for flexural damage in reinforced concrete columns. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA. Report No. 2003/18
Acknowledgements
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency. The author is grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their careful review of the manuscript. Their requested modifications improved the quality of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, and/or publication of this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khan, M.S. Seismic performance of deficient RC frames retrofitted with SMA-reinforced ECC column jacketing. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 6, 157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00529-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00529-6