Skip to main content
Log in

A state-of-the-art review on seismic SSI studies on building structures

  • Review
  • Published:
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article aims to provide a concise state-of-the-art review of the seismic soil–structure interaction (SSI) studies related to building structures. Irrespective of the type of structure, other associated studies are also presented that are considered as important and integral in SSI studies. Noted researchers working in the field of SSI expressed different types of views with regard to the adoption and beneficial effects of seismic SSI. However, as evidenced from the literature, it was observed that there exist contradictory opinions about its necessity, benefits, as well as its detrimental response. The inconclusiveness of the reports triggers the necessity to critically study the issues and aspects of seismic SSI and examine the various available codal guidelines in detail. The same has been reported in the present article. Certain relevant studies related to the methodology, various computational procedures and the modelling of the soil domain, that are found integral to any seismic SSI technique, has been presented with a view to develop a basic understanding of the subject. Finally, the seismic SSI studies along with guidelines present in various codes of design practice have been reviewed. Moreover, the gap areas that have not received their due attention in the past SSI studies related to buildings has been highlighted. Overall, this article provides a basic insight into the area of seismic SSI and the studies related to building structures supported on shallow and deep foundations. The article focuses to illuminate the areas that have not received due attention in the earlier studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hadjian AH, Luco JE, Tsai NC (1974) Soil–structure interaction: continuum or finite element? Nucl Eng Des 31(2):151–167

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kausel E (2010) Early history of soil–structure interaction. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(9):822–832

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lou M, Wang H, Chen X, Zhai Y (2011) Structure–soil–structure interaction: literature review. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(12):1724–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Roesset JM (2013) Soil structure interaction the early stages. J Appl Sci Eng 16(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kavitha PE, Beena KS, Narayanan KP (2016) A review on soil–structure interaction analysis of laterally loaded piles. Innov Infrastruct Solut 1(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0015-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. BSSC (1997) NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures. Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. ASCE 7-05 (2006) Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (ASCE Standard ASCE/SEI 7-05). American Society of Civil Engineers, Virginia

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mylonakis G, Gazetas G (2000) Seismic soil–structure interaction: beneficial or detrimental? J Earthq Eng 4(03):277–301

    Google Scholar 

  9. Yegian MK, Chang CY, Mullen CL, Mylonakis G (2001) Soil–structure interaction under dynamic loading for both shallow and deep foundations. In: Fourth international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics and symposium in honor of Professor WD Liam Finn, San Diego, California, USA

  10. Luco J, Trifunac M, Wong H (1988) Isolation of soil–structure interaction effects by full-scale forced vibration tests. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 16(1):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yamahara H (1970) Ground motions during earthquakes and the input loss of earthquake power to an excitation of buildings. Soils Found 10(2):145–161

    Google Scholar 

  12. Aldea A, Iiba M, Demetriu S, Kashima T (2007) Evidence of soil–structure interaction from earthquake records at a high-rise building site in bucharest. In: 4th International conference on earthquake engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece

  13. Celebi M, Safak E (1991) Seismic response of Transamerica building. I: data and preliminary analysis. J Struct Eng 117(8):2389–2404

    Google Scholar 

  14. Muria-Vila D, Taborda R, Zapata-Escobar A (2004) Soil–structure interaction effects in two instrumented tall buildings. In: 13th World conference on earthquake engineering, Vancouver, Canada

  15. Heidebrecht A, Henderson P, Naumoski N, Pappin J (1990) Seismic response and design for structures located on soft clay sites. Can Geotech J 27(3):330–341

    Google Scholar 

  16. Meli R, Faccioli E, Murià-Vila D, Quaas R, Paolucci R (1998) A study of site effects and seismic response of an instrumented building in Mexico City. J Earthq Eng 2(01):89–111

    Google Scholar 

  17. Guéguen P, Bard P-Y (2005) Soil–structure and soil–structure–soil interaction: experimental evidence at the Volvi test site. J Earthq Eng 9(05):657–693

    Google Scholar 

  18. Guéguen P, Bard P-Y, Chávez-Garc’ia FJ (2002) Site-city seismic interaction in Mexico city-like environments: an analytical study. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92(2):794–811

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cook RD, Malkus DS, Plesha ME, Witt RJ (1989) Concepts and applications of finite element analysis. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. Stevens DJ, Krauthammer T (1988) A finite difference/finite element approach to dynamic soil–structure interaction modelling. Comput Struct 29(2):199–205

    Google Scholar 

  21. Godbole P, Viladkar M, Noorzaei J (1990) Nonlinear soil–structure interaction analysis using coupled finite–infinite elements. Comput Struct 36(6):1089–1096

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wolf JP, Darbre GR (1984) Dynamic stiffness matrix of soil by the boundary-element method: conceptual aspects. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 12(3):385–400

    Google Scholar 

  23. Çelebi E, Firat S, Çankaya I (2006) The evaluation of impedance functions in the analysis of foundations vibrations using boundary element method. Appl Math Comput 173(1):636–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2005.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Alyagshi Eilouch MN, Sandhu RS (1986) A mixed method for transient analysis of soil–structure interaction under SH-motion. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 14(4):499–516

    Google Scholar 

  25. Capuani D, Klein R, Antes H, Tralli A (1995) Dynamic soil–structure interaction of coupled shear walls by boundary element method. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 24(6):861–879

    Google Scholar 

  26. Padrón LA, Aznárez JJ, Maeso O (2009) Dynamic structure–soil–structure interaction between nearby piled buildings under seismic excitation by BEM–FEM model. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29(6):1084–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang S (1992) Coupled boundary and finite elements for dynamic structure (3D)–foundation–soil interaction. Comput Struct 44(4):807–812

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chuhan Z, Xinfeng C, Guanglun W (1999) A coupling model of FE-BE-IE-IBE for non-linear layered soil–structure interactions. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 28(4):421–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199904)28:4<421:AID-EQE824>3.0.CO;2-J

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Wolf JP (2003) The scaled boundary finite element method. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wegner J, Yao M, Zhang X (2005) Dynamic wave–soil–structure interaction analysis in the time domain. Comput Struct 83(27):2206–2214

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bielak J, Loukakis K, Hisada Y, Yoshimura C (2003) Domain reduction method for three-dimensional earthquake modeling in localized regions, part I: theory. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93(2):817–824. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zdravkovic L, Kontoe S (2008) Some issues in modelling boundary conditions in dynamic geotechnical analysis. In: 12th international conference of international association for computer methods and advances in geomechanics, India, pp 1–6

  33. Kramer SL (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice Hall, New York

    Google Scholar 

  34. Datta TK (2010) Seismic analysis of structures. Wiley, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gazetas G (1991) Formulas and charts for impedances of surface and embedded foundations. J Geotech Eng 117(9):1363–1381

    Google Scholar 

  36. Dutta SC, Roy R (2002) A critical review on idealization and modeling for interaction among soil–foundation–structure system. Comput Struct 80(20):1579–1594

    Google Scholar 

  37. Makris N, Gazetas G (1992) Dynamic pile–soil–pile interaction. Part II: lateral and seismic response. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 21(2):145–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290210204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Gerolymos N, Gazetas G (2006) Development of winkler model for static and dynamic response of caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 26(5):363–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Raychowdhury P, Singh P (2012) Effect of non-linear soil–structure interaction on seismic response of low-rise SMRF buildings. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 11(4):541–551

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kampitsis AE, Sapountzakis EJ, Giannakos SK, Gerolymos NA (2013) Seismic soil–pile–structure kinematic and inertial interaction—a new beam approach. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 55:211–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.09.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gajan S, Raychowdhury P, Hutchinson TC, Kutter BL, Stewart JP (2010) Application and validation of practical tools for nonlinear soil–foundation interaction analysis. Earthq Spectra 26(1):111–129. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3263242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kausel E, Roesset JM, Wass G (1975) Dynamic analysis of footings on layered media. J Eng Mech Div 101:679–693

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lysmer J, Waas G (1972) Shear waves in plane infinite structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics

  44. Roesset JM, Ettouney MM (1977) Transmitting boundaries: a comparison. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 1(2):151–176

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wolf JP, Somaini DR (1986) Approximate dynamic model of embedded foundation in time domain. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 14(5):683–703

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kausel E (1988) Local transmitting boundaries. J Eng Mech 114(6):1011–1027

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chen ATF (1985) Transmitting boundaries and seismic response. J Geotech Eng 111(2):174–180

    Google Scholar 

  48. Jingbo L, Yandong L (1998) A direct method for analysis of dynamic soil–structure interaction based on interface idea. Dev Geotech Eng 83:261–276

    Google Scholar 

  49. Gentela SR (2011) Influence of soil–structure interaction on seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete integral bridge piers. M. Tech thesis. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

  50. Zhang Y, Conte JP, Yang Z, Elgamal A, Bielak J, Acero G (2008) Two-dimensional nonlinear earthquake response analysis of a bridge-foundation-ground system. Earthq Spectra 24:343–386. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2923925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Kuhlemeyer RL, Lysmer J (1973) Finite element method accuracy for wave propagation problems. J Soil Mech Found Div 99:421–427 (Tech Rpt)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Häggblad B, Nordgren G (1987) Modelling nonlinear soil–structure interaction using interface elements, elastic–plastic soil elements and absorbing infinite elements. Comput Struct 26(1–2):307–324

    Google Scholar 

  53. Yun CB, Kim DK, Kim JM (2000) Analytical frequency-dependent infinite elements for soil–structure interaction analysis in two-dimensional medium. Eng Struct 22(3):258–271

    Google Scholar 

  54. Smith WD (1974) A nonreflecting plane boundary for wave propagation problems. J Comput Phys 15(4):492–503

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cundall PA, Kunar RR, Carpenter PC, Marti J (1978) Solution of infinite dynamic problems by finite modelling in the time domain. In: Second international conference on applied numerical modelling. Madrid Polytechnic University, Spain, pp 339–351

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kunar R, Rodriguez-Ovejero L (1980) A model with non-reflecting boundaries for use in explicit soil–structure interaction analyses. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 8(4):361–374

    Google Scholar 

  57. Deeks AJ, Randolph MF (1994) Axisymmetric time-domain transmitting boundaries. J Eng Mech 120(1):25–42

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nakamura N (2009) Nonlinear response analyses of a soil–structure interaction system using transformed energy transmitting boundary in the time domain. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29(5):799–808

    Google Scholar 

  59. Meek J, Veletsos A (1974) Simple models for foundations in lateral and rocking motion. In: 5th World conference on earthquake engineering, Rome, Italy, pp 2610–2631

  60. Nagendra M, Sridharan A (1984) Footing response to horizontal vibration. J Eng Mech 110(4):648–654

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dobry R, Gazetas G (1986) Dynamic response of arbitrarily shaped foundations. J Geotech Eng 112(2):109–135

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gazetas G (1983) Analysis of machine foundation vibrations: state of the art. Int J Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2(1):2–42

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chatterjee P, Basu B (2008) Some analytical results on lateral dynamic stiffness for footings supported on hysteretic soil medium. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 28(1):36–43

    Google Scholar 

  64. Weissman K, Prevost JH (1991) Results and analysis of soil–structure interaction experiments performed in the centrifuge. Earthq Eng & Struct Dyn 20(3):259–274

    Google Scholar 

  65. Blaney GW, O’Neill MW (1986) Measured lateral response of mass on single pile in clay. J Geotech Eng 112(4):443–457

    Google Scholar 

  66. Randolph MF (1981) The response of flexible piles to lateral loading. Geotechnique 31(2):247–259

    Google Scholar 

  67. Krishnan R, Gazetas G, Velez A (1983) Static and dynamic lateral deflexion of piles in non-homogeneous soil stratum. Geotechnique 33(3):307–325

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gazetas G (1984) Seismic response of end-bearing single piles. Int J Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 3(2):82–93

    Google Scholar 

  69. Gazetas G, Dobry R (1984) Horizontal response of piles in layered soils. J Geotech Eng 110(1):20–40

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dezi F, Carbonari S, Leoni G (2009) A model for the 3D kinematic interaction analysis of pile groups in layered soils. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 38(11):1281–1305

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kavvads M, Gazetas G (1993) Kinematic seismic response and bending of free-head piles in layered soil. Geotechnique 43(2):207–222

    Google Scholar 

  72. Gazetas G, Dobry R (1984) Simple radiation damping model for piles and footings. J Eng Mech 110(6):937–956

    Google Scholar 

  73. Mylonakis G, Nikolaou A, Gazetas G (1997) Soil–pile-bridge seismic interaction: kinematic and inertial effects. Part I: soft soil. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 26(3):337–359

    Google Scholar 

  74. Berger E, Mahi SA, Pyke R (1977) Simplified method for evaluating soil–pile–structure interaction effects. In: 9th Annual offshore technology conference, Houston, Texas, pp 589–598

  75. Dobry R, Gazetas G (1988) Simple method for dynamic stiffness and damping of floating pile groups. Geotechnique 38(4):557–574

    Google Scholar 

  76. Badry P, Satyam N (2016) An efficient approach for assessing the seismic soil structure interaction effect for the asymmetrical pile group. Innov Infrastruct Solut 1(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0003-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Poulos HG, Davis EH (1990) Pile foundation analysis and design. Krieger Publication, Malabar

    Google Scholar 

  78. Boulanger RW, Curras CJ, Kutter BL, Wilson DW, Abghari A (1999) Seismic soil–pile–structure interaction experiments and analyses. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125(9):750–759

    Google Scholar 

  79. Nogami T, Otani J, Konagai K, Chen HL (1992) Nonlinear soil–pile interaction model for dynamic lateral motion. J Geotech Eng 118(1):89–106

    Google Scholar 

  80. Novak M, Sheta M (1980) Approximate approach to contact effects of piles. In: Dynamic response of pile foundations: analytical aspects, National Convention, ASCE. Geotechnical Engineering Division, Florida, USA, pp 53–79

    Google Scholar 

  81. Wang S, Kutter BL, Chacko MJ, Wilson DW, Boulanger RW, Abghari A (1998) Nonlinear seismic soil–pile structure interaction. Earthq Spectra 14(2):377–396

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hokmabadi AS, Fatahi B, Samali B (2014) Assessment of soil–pile–structure interaction influencing seismic response of mid-rise buildings sitting on floating pile foundations. Comput Geotech 55:172–186

    Google Scholar 

  83. Bhattacharya K, Dutta SC (2004) Assessing lateral period of building frames incorporating soil-flexibility. J Sound Vib 269(3):795–821

    Google Scholar 

  84. Balkaya C, Yuksel SB, Derinoz O (2012) Soil–structure interaction effects on the fundamental periods of the shear-wall dominant buildings. Struct Des Tall Spec Build 21(6):416–430

    Google Scholar 

  85. Nateghi-A F, Rezaei-Tabrizi A (2013) Nonlinear dynamic response of tall buildings considering structure–soil–structure effects. Struct Des Tall Spec Build 22(14):1075–1082

    Google Scholar 

  86. Renzi S, Madiai C, Vannucchi G (2013) A simplified empirical method for assessing seismic soil–structure interaction effects on ordinary shear-type buildings. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 55:100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.09.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Veletsos AS, Meek JW (1974) Dynamic behaviour of building-foundation systems. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 3(2):121–138

    Google Scholar 

  88. Bielak J (1978) Dynamic response of non-linear building-foundation systems. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 6(1):17–30

    Google Scholar 

  89. Han Y (2002) Seismic response of tall building considering soil–pile–structure interaction. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 1(1):57–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-002-0008-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Sáez E, Lopez-Caballero F, Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi A (2013) Inelastic dynamic soil–structure interaction effects on moment-resisting frame buildings. Eng Struct 51:166–177

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kraus I, Džakić D (2013) Soil–structure interaction effects on seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete frames. In: Skopje earthquake—50 Years European Earthquake Engineering, Skopje, Macedonia

  92. Dutta SC, Bhattacharya K, Roy R (2004) Response of low-rise buildings under seismic ground excitation incorporating soil–structure interaction. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24(12):893–914

    Google Scholar 

  93. Halabian A, El Naggar M, Vickery B (2002) Nonlinear seismic response of reinforced-concrete free-standing towers with application to TV towers on flexible foundations. Struct Des Tall Build 11(1):51–72

    Google Scholar 

  94. El Ganainy H, El Naggar MH (2009) Seismic performance of three-dimensional frame structures with underground stories. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29(9):1249–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Oliveto G, Santini A (1993) A simplified model for the dynamic soil–structure interaction of planar frame-wall systems. Eng Struct 15(6):431–438

    Google Scholar 

  96. Nadjai A, Johnson D (1996) Elastic analysis of spatial shear wall systems with flexible bases. Struct Des Tall Build 5(1):55–72

    Google Scholar 

  97. Carbonari S, Dezi F, Leoni G (2011) Linear soil–structure interaction of coupled wall–frame structures on pile foundations. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(9):1296–1309

    Google Scholar 

  98. Carbonari S, Dezi F, Leoni G (2012) Nonlinear seismic behaviour of wall–frame dual systems accounting for soil–structure interaction. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 41(12):1651–1672

    Google Scholar 

  99. Kutanis M, Elmas M (2001) Non-linear seismic soil–structure interaction analysis based on the substructure method in the time domain. Turk J Eng Environ Sci 25(6):617–626

    Google Scholar 

  100. Lu X, Chen B, Li P, Chen Y (2003) Numerical analysis of tall buildings considering dynamic soil–structure interaction. J Asian Archit Build Eng 2(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  101. Matinmanesh H, Asheghabadi MS (2011) Seismic analysis on soil–structure interaction of buildings over sandy soil. Procedia Eng 14:1737–1743

    Google Scholar 

  102. Tabatabaiefar SHR, Fatahi B, Samali B (2013) Seismic behavior of building frames considering dynamic soil–structure interaction. Int J Geomech 13(4):409–420. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Eurocode 8 (2004) Design of structures for earthquake resistance part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings (EN 1998-1: 2004). European Committee for Normalization (CEN), Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  104. JSCE (2007) Guidelines for concrete no. 15: standard specifications for concrete structures. Japan Society of Civil Engineers JSCE, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  105. IS 1893 (2002) Indian Standard Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, part 1: general provisions and buildings. Bureau of Indian Standards BIS, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  106. del Distrito Federal G (2004) Normas técnicas complementarias para diseño por sismo. Gaceta Oficial del Gobierno del DF 2:55–77

    Google Scholar 

  107. FEMA 450 (2003) NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures part 1: provisions. Building Seismic Saftey Council BSSC, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  108. FEMA 440 (2005) Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures. Applied Technical Council, Redwood City

    Google Scholar 

  109. FEMA 356 (2000) Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  110. ATC 40 (1996) Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings (report no. ATC-40). Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California, USA

Download references

Acknowledgements

The support and resources provided by Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, and Ministry of Human Resources and Development (MHRD, Government of India), are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaustubh Dasgupta.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, N., Dasgupta, K. & Dey, A. A state-of-the-art review on seismic SSI studies on building structures. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 3, 22 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-017-0118-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-017-0118-z

Keywords

Navigation