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Coumarin—Synthetic Methodologies, Pharmacology, and Application as Natural Fluorophore

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Abstract

Coumarins are secondary metabolites made up of benzene and α-pyrone rings fused together that can potentially treat various ailments, including cancer, metabolic, and degenerative disorders. Coumarins are a diverse category of both naturally occurring as well as synthesized compounds with numerous biological and therapeutic properties. Coumarins as fluorophores play a key role in fluorescent labeling of biomolecules, metal ion detection, microenvironment polarity detection, and pH detection. This review provides a detailed insight into the characteristics of coumarins as well as their biosynthesis in plants and metabolic pathways. Various synthetic strategies for coumarin core involving both conventional and green methods have been discussed comparing advantages and disadvantages of each method. Conventional methods discussed are Pechmann, Knoevenagel, Perkin, Wittig, Kostanecki, Buchwald-Hartwig, and metal-induced coupling reactions such as Heck and Suzuki, as well as green approaches involving microwave or ultrasound energy. Various pharmacological applications of coumarin derivatives are discussed in detail. The structural features and conditions responsible for influencing the fluorescence of coumarin core are also elaborated.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh for providing the necessary infrastructure to carry out this work. The authors are also thankful to Amity University for providing the necessary library facility for the compilation of information.

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  1. Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India

    Deepshikha Gupta, Eksha Guliani & Kiran Bajaj

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  1. Deepshikha Gupta
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  2. Eksha Guliani
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  3. Kiran Bajaj
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Contributions

E.G. wrote the introduction and application of the manuscript text, and D.G. prepared the graphical abstract and other figures and schemes. D.G. and K.B. edited and reviewed the manuscript. K.B. complied Table 1 and Scheme 1. The overall revision and correction was done by D. G. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Deepshikha Gupta.

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Gupta, D., Guliani, E. & Bajaj, K. Coumarin—Synthetic Methodologies, Pharmacology, and Application as Natural Fluorophore. Top Curr Chem (Z) 382, 16 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-024-00462-z

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