Abstract
DNA exhibits many attractive properties, such as programmability, precise self-assembly, sequence-coded biomedical functions, and good biocompatibility; therefore, DNA has been used extensively as a building block to construct novel nanomaterials. Recently, studies on oligonucleotide–polymer conjugates (OPCs) have attracted increasing attention. As hybrid molecules, OPCs exhibit novel properties, e.g., sophisticated self-assembly behaviors, which are distinct from the simple combination of the functions of DNA and polymer, making OPCs interesting and useful. The synthesis and applications of OPCs are highly dependent on the choice of the polymer block, but a systematic summary of OPCs based on their molecular structures is still lacking. In order to design OPCs for further applications, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the structure–function relationship of OPCs. In this review, we carefully categorize recently developed OPCs by the structures of the polymer blocks, and discuss the synthesis, purification, and applications for each category. Finally, we will comment on future prospects for OPCs.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ODN:
-
Oligonucleotide
- OPC:
-
Oligonucleotide–polymer conjugate
- DX:
-
Double-crossover
- siRNA:
-
Small interference RNA
- RISC:
-
RNA-induced silencing complex
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- PGA:
-
Polyglycolic acid
- PLGA:
-
Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PASP:
-
Polyaspartic acid
- PNIPAM:
-
Poly[N-isopropylacrylamide]
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DMF:
-
Dimethylformamide
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- CPG:
-
Controlled pore glass
- PPE:
-
Poly-(phenylene–ethynylene)
- HE:
-
Dodecanediol phosphoramidite
- ATRP:
-
Atom transfer radical polymerization
- RAFT:
-
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
- CPADB:
-
4-Cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio) pentanoic acid
- BTPA:
-
2-(Butylthiocarbonothioyl) propionic acid
- EY:
-
Eosin Y
- AscA:
-
Ascorbic acid
- APS:
-
Ammonium persulfate
- TEMED:
-
Tetramethylethylenediamine
- PAGE:
-
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- PEI:
-
Polyethyleneimine
- SNA:
-
Spherical nucleic acid
- shRNA:
-
Short hairpin RNAs
- RCT:
-
Rolling circle transcription
- MDR1:
-
Multidrug resistance protein 1
- DOX:
-
Doxorubicin
- PPT-g-PEG:
-
Peptide-grafted poly (ethylene glycol)
- Fc:
-
Ferrocene
- MNP:
-
Magnetic nanoparticle
- PNB:
-
Polynorbornene
- PPO:
-
Polypropylene oxide
- LCST:
-
Low critical solution temperature
- VPTT:
-
Volume phase transition temperature
- DMT:
-
Dimethoxytrityl
- HPLC:
-
High performance liquid chromatography
- PPE:
-
Poly (phenyleneethynylene)
- HEX:
-
Hexachlorofluorescein
- FRET:
-
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- SWNT:
-
Single-walled carbon nanotube
- PFO:
-
Polyfluorene
- PT:
-
Polythiophene
- PFP:
-
Poly [fluorine-co-phenylene fluorene]
- ACQ:
-
Aggregation caused quenching
- APPV:
-
(2,5-Dialkoxy) paraphenylene vinylene
- PAM:
-
Polyacrylamide
- ROMP:
-
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
- pRNA:
-
Passenger-stranded RNA
References
Fang WN, Jia SS, Chao J, Wang LQ, Duan XY, Liu HJ, Li Q, Zuo XL, Wang LH, Wang LH, Liu N, Fan CH (2019) Quantizing single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering with DNA origami metamolecules. Sci Adv 5:eaau4506
Chen P, Zhang T, Zhou T, Liu D (2016) Number-controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles with DNA dendrimers. RSC Adv 6:70553–70556
Ponnuswamy N, Bastings MMC, Nathwani B, Ryu JH, Chou LYT, Vinther M, Li WA, Anastassacos FM, Mooney DJ, Shih WM (2017) Oligolysine-based coating protects DNA nanostructures from low-salt denaturation and nuclease degradation. Nat Commun 8:15654
Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Lee A, Huang Q, Wang F, Chao J, Liu H, Li J, Shi J, Zuo X, Wang L, Wang L, Cao X, Bustamante C, Tian Z, Fan C (2019) Programming chain-growth copolymerization of DNA hairpin tiles for in vitro hierarchical supramolecular organization. Nat Commun 10:1006
Seeman NC, Sleiman HF (2017) DNA nanotechnology. Nat Rev Mater 3:17068
Chidchob P, Sleiman HF (2018) Recent advances in DNA nanotechnology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 46:63–70
Ohto U, Shibata T, Tanji H, Ishida H, Krayukhina E, Uchiyama S, Miyake K, Shimizu T (2015) Structural basis of CpG and inhibitory DNA recognition by Toll-like receptor 9. Nature 520:702–705
Zhou JH, Rossi J (2017) Aptamers as targeted therapeutics: current potential and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 16:181–202
Guo YH, Chen JL, Cheng MP, Monchaud D, Zhou J, Ju HX (2017) A thermophilic tetramolecular G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme. Angew Chem Int Edit 56:16636–16640
Wittrup A, Lieberman J (2015) Knocking down disease: a progress report on siRNA therapeutics. Nat Rev Genet 16:543–552
Wang YH, Miao L, Satterlee A, Huang L (2015) Delivery of oligonucleotides with lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 87:68–80
Guo WW, Lu CH, Orbach R, Wang FA, Qi XJ, Cecconello A, Seliktar D, Willner I (2015) pH-stimulated DNA hydrogels exhibiting shape-memory properties. Adv Mater 27:73–78
Ma DL, Zhang ZH, Wang MD, Lu LH, Zhong HJ, Leung CH (2015) Recent developments in G-quadruplex probes. Chem Biol 22:812–828
Zhang S, Zou J, Elsabahy M, Karwa A, Li A, Moore DA, Dorshow RB, Wooley KL (2013) Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polyphosphester-based paclitaxel conjugates as a platform for ultra-high paclitaxel-loaded multifunctional nanoparticles. Chem Sci 4:2122–2126
Tao D, Feng C, Cui Y, Yang X, Manners I, Winnik MA, Huang X (2017) Monodisperse fiber-like micelles of controlled length and composition with an oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) core via “living” crystallization-driven self-assembly. J Am Chem Soc 139:7136–7139
Lee K, Povlich LK, Kim J (2010) Recent advances in fluorescent and colorimetric conjugated polymer-based biosensors. Analyst 135:2179–2189
Li K, Liu B (2012) Polymer encapsulated conjugated polymer nanoparticles for fluorescence bioimaging. J Mater Chem A 22:1257–1264
Meng Z, Hou W, Zhou H, Zhou L, Chen H, Wu C (2018) Therapeutic considerations and conjugated polymer-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Macromol Rapid Commun 39:1700614
Liu LZ, Chen H, Chen W, He F (2019) From binary to quaternary: high-tolerance of multi-acceptors enables development of efficient polymer solar cells. J Mater Chem A 7:7815–7822
Alemdaroglu FE, Herrmann A (2007) DNA meets synthetic polymers—highly versatile hybrid materials. Org Biomol Chem 5:1311–1320
Kwak M, Herrmann A (2010) Nucleic acid/organic polymer hybrid materials: synthesis, superstructures, and applications. Angew Chem Int Edit 49:8574–8587
Kwak M, Herrmann A (2011) Nucleic acid amphiphiles: synthesis and self-assembled nanostructures. Chem Soc Rev 40:5745–5755
Schnitzler T, Herrmann A (2012) DNA block copolymers: functional materials for nanoscience and biomedicine. Accounts Chem Res 45:1419–1430
Peterson AM, Heemstra JM (2015) Controlling self-assembly of DNA-polymer conjugates for applications in imaging and drug delivery. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 7:282–297
Pan G, Jin X, Mou Q, Zhang C (2017) Recent progress on DNA block copolymer. Chinese Chem Lett 28:1822–1828
Zhao Z, Du T, Liang F, Liu S (2018) Amphiphilic DNA organic hybrids: functional materials in nanoscience and potential application in biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 19:2283
Lee K, Povlich LK, Kim J (2007) Label-free and self-signal amplifying molecular DNA sensors based on bioconjugated polyelectrolytes. Adv Funct Mater 17:2580–2587
Jia Y, Zuo X, Lou X, Miao M, Cheng Y, Min X, Li X, Xia F (2015) Rational designed bipolar, conjugated polymer-DNA composite beacon for the sensitive detection of proteins and ions. Anal Chem 87:3890–3894
Zhao Y, Zheng C, Zhang L, Chen Y, Ye Y, Zhao M (2015) Knockdown of STAT3 expression in SKOV3 cells by biodegradable siRNA-PLGA/CSO conjugate micelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 127:155–163
Lee SH, Mok H, Lee Y, Park TG (2011) Self-assembled siRNA–PLGA conjugate micelles for gene silencing. J Control Release 152:152–158
Isoda K, Kanayama N, Fujita M, Takarada T, Maeda M (2013) DNA terminal mismatch-induced stabilization of polymer micelles from RAFT-generated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-DNA block copolymers. Chem-Asian J 8:3079–3084
Sowwan M, Faroun M, Mentovich E, Ibrahim I, Haboush S, Alemdaroglu FE, Kwak M, Richter S, Herrmann A (2010) Polarizability of DNA block copolymer nanoparticles observed by electrostatic force microscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 31:1242–1246
Ni Q, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Zhu G, Wang Z, Teng Z, Wang C, Yung BC, Niu G, Lu G, Zhang L, Chen X (2018) In situ shRNA synthesis on DNA-polylactide nanoparticles to treat multidrug resistant breast cancer. Adv Mater 30:1705737
Wang D, Lu X, Jia F, Tan X, Sun X, Cao X, Wai F, Zhang C, Zhang K (2017) Precision tuning of DNA- and poly(ethylene glycol)-based nanoparticles via coassembly for effective antisense gene regulation. Chem Mater 29:9882–9886
Li S, Schroeder CM (2018) Synthesis and direct observation of thermoresponsive DNA copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 7:281–286
Kubo T, Rumiana B, Ohba H, Fujii M (2003) Antisense effects of DNA-peptide conjugates. Nucleic acids symposium series, vol 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 179–180
Li C, Faulkner-Jones A, Dun AR, Jin J, Chen P, Xing Y, Yang Z, Li Z, Shu W, Liu D, Duncan RR (2015) Rapid formation of a supramolecular polypeptide-DNA hydrogel for in situ three-dimensional multilayer bioprinting. Angew Chem Int Edit 54:3957–3961
Jeong J (2003) A new antisense oligonucleotide delivery system based on self-assembled ODN–PEG hybrid conjugate micelles. J Control Release 93:183–191
Yang L, Meng L, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhu G, Liu H, Xiong X, Sefah K, Tan W (2011) Engineering polymeric aptamers for selective cytotoxicity. J Am Chem Soc 133:13380–13386
Liu K, Zheng LF, Liu Q, de Vries JW, Gerasimov JY, Herrmann A (2014) Nucleic acid chemistry in the organic phase: from functionalized oligonucleotides to DNA side chain polymers. J Am Chem Soc 136:14255–14262
Ding F, Mou Q, Ma Y, Pan G, Guo Y, Tong G, Choi CHJ, Zhu X, Zhang C (2018) A crosslinked nucleic acid nanogel for effective siRNA delivery and antitumor therapy. Angew Chem Int Edit 57:3064–3068
Talom RM, Fuks G, Kaps L, Oberdisse J, Cerclier C, Gaillard C, Mingotaud C, Gauffre F (2011) DNA-polymer micelles as nanoparticles with recognition ability. Chem-Eur J 17:13495–13501
Mentovich ED, Livanov K, Prusty DK, Sowwan M, Richter S (2012) DNA-nanoparticle assemblies go organic: macroscopic polymeric materials with nanosized features. J Nanobiotechnol 10:21
Sun Y, Ji Y, Wang D, Wang J, Liu D (2018) Stabilization of an intermolecular i-motif by lipid modification of cytosine-oligodeoxynucleotides. Org Biomol Chem 16:4857–4863
Alemdaroglu FE, Ding K, Berger R, Herrmann A (2006) DNA-templated synthesis in three dimensions: introducing a micellar scaffold for organic reactions. Angew Chem Int Edit 45:4206–4210
Kwak M, Gao J, Prusty DK, Musser AJ, Markov VA, Tombros N, Stuart MC, Browne WR, Boekema EJ, ten Brinke G, Jonkman HT, van Wees BJ, Loi MA, Herrmann A (2011) DNA block copolymer doing it all: from selection to self-assembly of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Edit 50:3206–3210
Albert SK, Thelu HV, Golla M, Krishnan N, Chaudhary S, Varghese R (2014) Self-assembly of DNA-oligo(p-phenylene–ethynylene) hybrid amphiphiles into surface-engineered vesicles with enhanced emission. Angew Chem Int Edit 53:8352–8357
Jia F, Lu X, Tan X, Zhang K (2015) Facile synthesis of nucleic acid-polymer amphiphiles and their self-assembly. Chem Commun 51:7843–7846
Chien MP, Rush AM, Thompson MP, Gianneschi NC (2010) Programmable shape-shifting micelles. Angew Chem Int Edit 49:5076–5080
Luo Q, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Chen XJ, Han SY, Baumgart T, Chenoweth DM, Park SJ (2016) DNA island formation on binary block copolymer vesicles. J Am Chem Soc 138:10157–10162
Yang CJ, Pinto M, Schanze K, Tan W (2005) Direct synthesis of an oligonucleotide-poly(phenylene ethynylene) conjugate with a precise one-to-one molecular ratio. Angew Chem Int Edit 44:2572–2576
Bousmail D, Chidchob P, Sleiman HF (2018) Cyanine-mediated DNA nanofiber growth with controlled dimensionality. J Am Chem Soc 140:9518–9530
Edwardson TGW, Carneiro KMM, Serpell CJ, Sleiman HF (2014) An efficient and modular route to sequence-defined polymers appended to DNA. Angew Chem Int Edit 53:4567–4571
Averick SE, Dey SK, Grahacharya D, Matyjaszewski K, Das SR (2014) Solid-phase incorporation of an ATRP initiator for polymer-DNA biohybrids. Angew Chem Int Edit 53:2739–2744
Pan X, Lathwal S, Mack S, Yan J, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K (2017) Automated synthesis of well-defined polymers and biohybrids by atom transfer radical polymerization using a DNA synthesizer. Angew Chem Int Edit 56:2740–2743
Fu L, Wang Z, Lathwal S, Enciso AE, Simakova A, Das SR, Russell AJ, Matyjaszewski K (2018) Synthesis of polymer bioconjugates via photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization under blue light irradiation. ACS Macro Lett 7:1248–1253
Lueckerath T, Strauch T, Koynov K, Barner-Kowollik C, Ng DYW, Weil T (2019) DNA-polymer conjugates by photoinduced RAFT polymerization. Biomacromol 20:212–221
Li F, Wang C, Guo W (2018) Multifunctional poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/DNAzyme microgels as highly efficient and recyclable catalysts for biosensing. Adv Funct Mater 28:1705876
Hu Y, Guo W, Kahn JS, Aleman-Garcia MA, Willner I (2016) A shape-memory DNA-based hydrogel exhibiting two internal memories. Angew Chem Int Edit 55:4210–4214
Cangialosi A, Yoon C, Liu J, Huang Q, Guo J, Nguyen TD, Gracias DH, Schulman RJS (2017) DNA sequence-directed shape change of photopatterned hydrogels via high-degree swelling. Science 357:1126–1130
Zhang C, Hao L, Calabrese CM, Zhou Y, Choi CH, Xing H, Mirkin CA (2015) Biodegradable DNA-brush block copolymer spherical nucleic acids enable transfection agent-free intracellular gene regulation. Small 11:5360–5368
Levenson EA, Kiick KL (2014) DNA-polymer conjugates for immune stimulation through Toll-like receptor 9 mediated pathways. Acta Biomater 10:1134–1145
Roloff A, Nelles DA, Thompson MP, Yeo GW, Gianneschi NC (2018) Self-transfecting micellar RNA: modulating nanoparticle cell interactions via high density display of small molecule ligands on micelle coronas. Bioconjug Chem 29:126–135
Roloff A, Carlini AS, Callmann CE, Gianneschi NC (2017) Micellar thrombin-binding aptamers: reversible nanoscale anticoagulants. J Am Chem Soc 139:16442–16445
Rush AM, Nelles DA, Blum AP, Barnhill SA, Tatro ET, Yeo GW, Gianneschi NC (2014) Intracellular mRNA regulation with self-assembled locked nucleic acid polymer nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 136:7615–7618
Rush AM, Thompson MP, Tatro ET, Gianneschi NC (2013) Nuclease-resistant DNA via high-density packing in polymeric Micellar Nanoparticle coronas. ACS Nano 7:1379–1387
Jeong JH, Park TG (2001) Novel polymer–DNA hybrid polymeric micelles composed of hydrophobic poly(d, l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and hydrophilic oligonucleotides. Bioconjug Chem 12:917–923
Cutler JI, Auyeung E, Mirkin CA (2012) Spherical nucleic acids. J Am Chem Soc 134:1376–1391
Li H, Zhang BH, Lu XG, Tan XY, Jia F, Xiao Y, Cheng ZH, Li Y, Silva DO, Schrekker HS, Zhang K, Mirkin CA (2018) Molecular spherical nucleic acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115:4340–4344
Li Z, Zhang Y, Fullhart P, Mirkin CA (2004) Reversible and chemically programmable micelle assembly with DNA block-copolymer amphiphiles. Nano Lett 4:1055–1058
Chen XJ, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Hayik SE, Fryd M, Wayland BB, Park SJ (2010) Self-assembled hybrid structures of DNA block-copolymers and nanoparticles with enhanced DNA binding properties. Small 6:2256–2260
Kim CJ, Jeong EH, Lee H, Park SJ (2019) A dynamic DNA nanostructure with switchable and size-selective molecular recognition properties. Nanoscale 11:2501–2509
Carneiro KMM, Hamblin GD, Hanni KD, Fakhoury J, Nayak MK, Rizis G, McLaughlin CK, Bazzi HS, Sleiman HF (2012) Stimuli-responsive organization of block copolymers on DNA nanotubes. Chem Sci 3:1980–1986
Alemdaroglu FE, Alemdaroglu NC, Langguth P, Herrmann A (2008) DNA block copolymer micelles—a combinatorial tool for cancer nanotechnology. Adv Mater 20:899–902
Alemdaroglu FE, Alemdaroglu NC, Langguth P, Herrmann A (2008) Cellular uptake of DNA block copolymer micelles with different shapes. Macromol Rapid Commun 29:326–329
Kwak M, Minten IJ, Anaya D-M, Musser AJ, Brasch M, Nolte RJM, Müllen K, Cornelissen JJLM, Herrmann A (2010) Virus-like particles templated by DNA Micelles: a general method for loading virus nanocarriers. J Am Chem Soc 132:7834–7835
Rodriguez-Pulido A, Kondrachuk AI, Prusty DK, Gao J, Loi MA, Herrmann A (2013) Light-triggered sequence-specific cargo release from DNA block copolymer-lipid vesicles. Angew Chem Int Edit 52:1008–1012
Kwak M, Musser AJ, Lee J, Herrmann A (2010) DNA-functionalised blend micelles: mix and fix polymeric hybrid nanostructures. Chem Commun 46:4935–4937
Wu F, Zhao Z, Chen C, Cao T, Li C, Shao Y, Zhang Y, Qiu D, Shi Q, Fan QH, Liu D (2018) Self-collapsing of single molecular poly-propylene oxide (PPO) in a 3D DNA network. Small 14:1703426
Ding K, Alemdaroglu FE, Borsch M, Berger R, Herrmann A (2007) Engineering the structural properties of DNA block copolymer micelles by molecular recognition. Angew Chem Int Edit 46:1172–1175
Zhao Z, Wang L, Liu Y, Yang Z, He YM, Li Z, Fan QH, Liu D (2012) pH-induced morphology-shifting of DNA-b-poly(propylene oxide) assemblies. Chem Commun 48:9753–9755
Safak M, Alemdaroglu FE, Li Y, Ergen E, Herrmann A (2007) Polymerase chain reaction as an efficient tool for the preparation of block copolymers. Adv Mater 19:1499–1505
Alemdaroglu FE, Wang J, Borsch M, Berger R, Herrmann A (2008) Enzymatic control of the size of DNA block copolymer nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Edit 47:974–976
Ayaz MS, Kwak M, Alemdaroglu FE, Wang J, Berger R, Herrmann A (2011) Synthesis of DNA block copolymers with extended nucleic acid segments by enzymatic ligation: cut and paste large hybrid architectures. Chem Commun 47:2243–2245
Sugawara Y, Tamaki T, Ohashi H, Yamaguchi T (2013) Control of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) phase transition via a single strand-double strand transformation of conjugated DNA. Soft Matter 9:3331–3340
Guo W, Lu CH, Qi XJ, Orbach R, Fadeev M, Yang HH, Willner I (2014) Switchable bifunctional stimuli-triggered poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/DNA hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Edit 53:10134–10138
Umeno D, Mori T, Maeda M (1998) Single stranded DNA-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) conjugate for affinity precipitation separation of oligonucleotides. Chem Commun 20:1433–1434
Mori T, Umeno D, Maeda M (2001) Sequence-specific affinity precipitation of oligonucleotide using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-oligonucleotide conjugate. Biotechnol Bioeng 72:261–268
Umeno D, Kawasaki M, Maeda M (1998) Water-soluble conjugate of double-stranded DNA and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for one-pot affinity precipitation separation of DNA-binding proteins. Bioconjug Chem 9:719–724
Cavalieri F, Postma A, Lee L, Caruso F (2009) Assembly and functionalization of DNA–polymer microcapsules. ACS Nano 3:234–240
Kim CJ, Hu X, Park SJ (2016) Multimodal shape transformation of dual-responsive DNA block copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 138:14941–14947
Wilks TR, Bath J, de Vries JW, Raymond JE, Herrmann A, Turberfield AJ, O’Reilly RK (2013) “Giant surfactants” created by the fast and efficient functionalization of a DNA tetrahedron with a temperature-responsive polymer. ACS Nano 7:8561–8572
Trinh T, Liao C, Toader V, Barlog M, Bazzi HS, Li J, Sleiman HF (2018) DNA-imprinted polymer nanoparticles with monodispersity and prescribed DNA-strand patterns. Nat Chem 10:184–192
Serpell CJ, Edwardson TG, Chidchob P, Carneiro KM, Sleiman HF (2014) Precision polymers and 3D DNA nanostructures: emergent assemblies from new parameter space. J Am Chem Soc 136:15767–15774
Chidchob P, Edwardson TG, Serpell CJ, Sleiman HF (2016) Synergy of two assembly languages in DNA nanostructures: self-assembly of sequence-defined polymers on DNA cages. J Am Chem Soc 138:4416–4425
Trinh T, Chidchob P, Bazzi HS, Sleiman HF (2016) DNA micelles as nanoreactors: efficient DNA functionalization with hydrophobic organic molecules. Chem Commun 52:10914–10917
Bousmail D, Amrein L, Fakhoury JJ, Fakih HH, Hsu JCC, Panasci L, Sleiman HF (2017) Precision spherical nucleic acids for delivery of anticancer drugs. Chem Sci 8:6218–6229
Rahbani JF, Vengut-Climent E, Chidchob P, Gidi Y, Trinh T, Cosa G, Sleiman HF (2018) DNA nanotubes with hydrophobic environments: toward new platforms for guest encapsulation and cellular delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 7:1701049
Fakhoury JJ, Edwardson TG, Conway JW, Trinh T, Khan F, Barłóg M, Bazzi HS, Sleiman HF (2015) Antisense precision polymer micelles require less poly(ethylenimine) for efficient gene knockdown. Nanoscale 7:20625–20634
Dore MD, Fakhoury JJ, Lacroix A, Sleiman HF (2018) Templated synthesis of spherical RNA nanoparticles with gene silencing activity. Chem Commun 54:11296–11299
Wu WB, Bazan GC, Liu B (2017) Conjugated-polymer-amplified sensing, imaging, and therapy. Chem-Us 2:760–790
Han L, Wang M, Jia X, Chen W, Qian H, He F (2018) Uniform two-dimensional square assemblies from conjugated block copolymers driven by π–π interactions with controllable sizes. Nat Commun 9:865
Kamps AC, Cativo MHM, Chen X-J, Park S-J (2014) Self-Assembly of DNA-coupled semiconducting block copolymers. Macromolecules 47:3720–3726
Knudsen JB, Liu L, Bank Kodal AL, Madsen M, Li Q, Song J, Woehrstein JB, Wickham SF, Strauss MT, Schueder F, Vinther J, Krissanaprasit A, Gudnason D, Smith AA, Ogaki R, Zelikin AN, Besenbacher F, Birkedal V, Yin P, Shih WM, Jungmann R, Dong M, Gothelf KV (2015) Routing of individual polymers in designed patterns. Nat Nanotechnol 10:892–898
Yang T-HJRPoMS (2008) Recent applications of polyacrylamide as biomaterials. Recent Patents Mater Sci 1:29–40
Kang HZ, Trondoli AC, Zhu GZ, Chen Y, Chang YJ, Liu HP, Huang YF, Zhang XL, Tan WH (2011) Near-infrared light-responsive core-shell nanogels for targeted drug delivery. ACS Nano 5:5094–5099
Ren J, Hu Y, Lu C-H, Guo W, Aleman-Garcia MA, Ricci F, Willner I (2015) pH-responsive and switchable triplex-based DNA hydrogels. Chem Sci 6:4190–4195
Liao WC, Lilienthal S, Kahn JS, Riutin M, Sohn YS, Nechushtai R, Willner I (2017) pH- and ligand-induced release of loads from DNA-acrylamide hydrogel microcapsules. Chem Sci 8:3362–3373
Sicilia G, Grainger-Boultby C, Francini N, Magnusson JP, Saeed AO, Fernández-Trillo F, Spain SG, Alexander C (2014) Programmable polymer–DNA hydrogels with dual input and multiscale responses. Biomater Sci 2:203–211
Lu CH, Guo W, Hu Y, Qi XJ, Willner I (2015) Multitriggered shape-memory acrylamide-DNA hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 137:15723–15731
Hu Y, Lu C-H, Guo W, Aleman-Garcia MA, Ren J, Willner I (2015) A shape memory acrylamide/DNA hydrogel exhibiting switchable dual pH-responsiveness. Adv Funct Mater 25:6867–6874
Sutthasupa S, Shiotsuki M, Sanda F (2010) Recent advances in ring-opening metathesis polymerization and application to synthesis of functional materials. Polym J 42:905–915
Lu X, Watts E, Jia F, Tan X, Zhang K (2014) Polycondensation of polymer brushes via DNA hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 136:10214–10217
Tan X, Lu X, Jia F, Liu X, Sun Y, Logan JK, Zhang K (2016) Blurring the role of oligonucleotides: spherical nucleic acids as a drug delivery vehicle. J Am Chem Soc 138:10834–10837
Gibbs JM, Park S-J, Anderson DR, Watson KJ, Mirkin CA, Nguyen ST (2005) Polymer–DNA hybrids as electrochemical probes for the detection of DNA. J Am Chem Soc 127:1170–1178
Watson KJ, Park SJ, Im JH, Nguyen ST, Mirkin CA (2001) DNA-block copolymer conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 123:5592–5593
Lu X, Tran TH, Jia F, Tan X, Davis S, Krishnan S, Amiji MM, Zhang K (2015) Providing oligonucleotides with steric selectivity by brush-polymer-assisted compaction. J Am Chem Soc 137:12466–12469
Jia F, Lu X, Wang D, Cao X, Tan X, Lu H, Zhang K (2017) Depth-profiling the nuclease stability and the gene silencing efficacy of brush-architectured poly(ethylene glycol)-DNA conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 139:10605–10608
Jia F, Lu X, Tan X, Wang D, Cao X, Zhang K (2017) Effect of PEG architecture on the hybridization thermodynamics and protein accessibility of PEGylated oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Edit 56:1239–1243
Lu X, Jia F, Tan X, Wang D, Cao X, Zheng J, Zhang K (2016) Effective antisense gene regulation via noncationic, polyethylene glycol brushes. J Am Chem Soc 138:9097–9100
Matyjaszewski K (2018) Advanced materials by atom transfer radical polymerization. Adv Mater 30:1706441
Averick SE, Paredes E, Dey SK, Snyder KM, Tapinos N, Matyjaszewski K, Das SR (2013) Autotransfecting short interfering RNA through facile covalent polymer escorts. J Am Chem Soc 135:12508–12511
Fouz MF, Mukumoto K, Averick S, Molinar O, McCartney BM, Matyjaszewski K, Armitage BA, Das SR (2015) Bright fluorescent nanotags from bottlebrush polymers with DNA-tipped bristles. ACS Cent Sci 1:431–438
Fouz MF, Dey SK, Mukumoto K, Matyjaszewski K, Armitage BA, Das SR (2018) Accessibility of densely localized DNA on soft polymer nanoparticles. Langmuir 34:14731–14737
Dong YC, Chen SB, Zhang SJ, Sodroski J, Yang ZQ, Liu DS, Mao YD (2018) Folding DNA into a lipid-conjugated nanobarrel for controlled reconstitution of membrane proteins. Angew Chem Int Edit 57:2072–2076
Averick S, Paredes E, Li W, Matyjaszewski K, Das SR (2011) Direct DNA conjugation to star polymers for controlled reversible assemblies. Bioconjug Chem 22:2030–2037
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support by Grants from Shenzhen Fundamental Research Programs (no. JCYJ20160226193029593, JCYJ20170817105645935), Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (no. 2016ZT06G587), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51503096).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, Ying Bao and Leilei Tian state that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection “DNA Nanotechnology: From Structure to Functionality”; edited by Chunhai Fan, Yonggang Ke.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xiao, F., Wei, Z., Wang, M. et al. Oligonucleotide–Polymer Conjugates: From Molecular Basics to Practical Application. Top Curr Chem (Z) 378, 24 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-020-0286-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-020-0286-8