Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Climate consequences: If India sneezes

  • Article
  • Published:
Jindal Global Law Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The sobering 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s special report shows that the world has a limited window to reduce dire climate change induced consequences by restricting temperature rise to 1.5°C. India, one of the largest economies in the world and the third largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, is critical in this fight against climate change. India is working to address multiple goals of accelerating economic growth, ensuring energy security, providing reliable energy access, and addressing climate change while bringing millions of people out of poverty. Despite these challenges, India has an ambitious and achievable plan to address climate change. This article discusses India’s domestic climate actions, progress on climate commitments under the Paris Agreement, and the potential to transition to a low carbon economy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold” is a metaphor coined by Prince Klemens von Metternich in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848, Philip Mansel, Paris, Court City of the Nineteenth Century, 11 THE COURT HISTORIAN, 15-28 (2014), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/cou.2006.11.1.002;

    Gombar, V., India’s War on Dirty Air Boosts Hope on Global Emissions, BLOOMBERG NEF (BNEF), (20 Aug., 2018), https://about.bnef.com/blog/gombar-indias-war-dirty-air-boosts-hope-global-emissions/ (March 12, 2019).

  2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5oC, Special Report, (2018), https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.

  3. Damian Carrington & Michael Safi, How India’s Battle with Climate Change Could Determine All our Fates , THE GUARDIAN, (Nov. 6, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/06/how-indias-battle-with-climate-change-could-determine-all-of-our-fates.

  4. Climate Action Tracker, India – Country Summary, (Aug. 22, 2018), https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/india/; Dubash, N. et al., India’s Energy and Emissions Future: An Interpretive Analysis of Model Scenarios, 13(7) ENVIRON. RES. LETT., 1 (2018).

  5. Id.; India’s total electricity generation target for 2018-19 is 1,265 TWh – Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Executive Summary on Power Sector, (Dec. 2018), http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2018/exe_summary-12.pdf; P.R. Shukla et al., Pathways to deep decarbonization in India, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS NETWORK AND INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, (2015); for a review of different modelling studies and their electricity demand projections

  6. Shukla, P.R. et al. Id.

  7. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, GDP Long-Term Forecast (indicator), https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm.

  8. World Bank, CO2Emissions (Metric Tons per Capita), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/en.atm.co2e.pc.

  9. Ministry of New and Renewable Standing Committee on Energy , Action Taken on the recommendations contained in the Twenty-Second Report (16th Lok Sabha) on Energy Access in India - Review of Current Status and Role of Renewable Energy, Thirty-sixth Report, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Energy/16_Energy_36.pdf.

  10. Rural Electrification Corporation and Ministry of Power, Saubhagya Dashboard, http://saubhagya.gov.in.

  11. Sreekumar Nhalur, Ann Josey, and Manabika Mandal, Rural Electrification in India: Looking Beyond ‘Connections for All’ to ‘Power for All,’ 53 ECON. & POL. WKLY., (2018).

  12. Climate Action Tracker, India – Country Summary, (Aug. 22, 2018), https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/india/; Dubash, N. et al., supra note 5.

  13. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement – Status of Ratification, https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification.

  14. , United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement, 2015.

  15. Government of India, India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: Working Towards Climate Justice, (2015), http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf.

  16. Emissions intensity is the emission per unit of GDP.

  17. CEA, Ministry of Power, Government of India, Monthly Power Sector Executive Summary May 2017, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2017/exe_summary-05.pdf; CEA, Ministry of Power, Government of India, Annual Report 2017-18, http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/annual/annualreports/annual_report-2018.pdf.

  18. International Energy Agency, World Energy Investment 2018, https://webstore.iea.org/world-energy-investment-2018.

  19. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India Cooling Action Plan – draft, http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/DRAFT-India%20Cooling%20Action%20Plan-Latest%20Version.PDF.

  20. Nitin Sethi, India Set to Achieve 2 of 3 Paris Agreement Goals: Draft Government Report, THE WIRE, (Nov. 12, 2018), https://thewire.in/environment/india-paris-climate-agreement-targets.

  21. Considering farm output prices; Abhishek Waghmare, What It is Hard to Double Farmers’ Income by 2022, IndiaSpend, (March 30, 2016) http://archive.indiaspend.com/cover-story/why-it-is-hard-to-double-farmers-income-by-2022-2022.

  22. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (2018), http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/BUR%20Report%20Final%200219-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf

  23. Id.

  24. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Physical Progress (Achievements) as on 31 July 2018, https://mnre.gov.in/physical-progress-achievements; CEA, Ministry of Power, 2018, India : Composition of Installed Capacity of Power Stations (344002.39 MW) as on 31.3.2018, http://www.cea.nic.in/installed_capacity.html.

  25. Natural Resources Defence Council et al. Greening India’s Workforce: Gearing up for Expansion of Solar and Wind Power in India, 2017, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/greening-india-workforce.pdf.

  26. Supra note 18.

  27. Cabinet, Government of India, Revision of cumulative targets under National Solar Mission from 20,000 MW by 2021-22 to 1,00,000 MW. India surging ahead in the field of Green Energy - 100 GW Solar Scale-Up plan, Press Information Bureau, (June 17, 2015), http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122566.

  28. India Environment Portal, State Wise Estimated Solar Power Potential in the Country, 2014,;Clean Technica, India’s Solar Power Potential Estimated at 750 GW, 2014, https://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/29/indias-solar-power-potential-estimated-750-gw/.;Clean Technica, India’s Solar Power Potential Estimated at 750 GW, 2014, https://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/29/indias-solar-power-potential-estimated-750-gw/.

  29. Solar tariffs in 2018 fell to record lows seen in 2016. Kaavya Chandrasekaran, Solar Tariffs Once Again Hit All-Time Low of Rs. 2.44 a unit at SECI auction, ECONOMIC TIMES, (July 3, 2018) https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-tariffs-once-again-hit-all-time-low-of-rs-244-a-unit-at-seci-auction/articleshow/64834531.cms

  30. Priya Sanjay, ACME, Shapoorji, Hero, Mahindra, Azure & Adani Win SECI’s 2 GW Solar Auction, MERCOM INDI a, (July 03, 2018), https://mercomindia.com/seci-2-gw-ists-solar-auction-winners/ (November 4, 2018); Sushma U N & Nupur Anand, Cheap Renewable Energy is Killing India’s Coal-based Power Plant, QUARTZ INDIA, (May 9, 2018), https://qz.com/india/1272394/cheap-solar-and-wind-energy-prices-are-killing-indias-coal-power-plants/.

  31. MNRE, Government of India, 2018, Domestic Solar Power Industry, PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU, (Aug. 9, 2018 delay http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181697; Anindya Upadhyay, How Indian Solar Tariffs Delay Modi’s Renewable Goals: Quick Take, BLOOMBERG, (Sept. 25, 2018), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-24/how-indian-solar-tariffs-delay-modi-s-renewable-goals-quicktake.

  32. Supra note 25.

  33. Resources Defence Council & Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), Clean Energy for All: Framework for Catalytic Finance for Underserved Clean Energy Markets in India, 2018, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/catalytic-finance-underserved-clean-energy-markets-india-report-201810.pdf

  34. CEA, Government of India, All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations, http://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2017/installed_capacity-07.pdf.

  35. Government of India, Year End Review – 2018, (10 Dec. 2018), http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186228 (March 11, 2019).

  36. Supra note 18.

  37. Nishita Saluja, SECI Cancels 2,000 MW Wind Tender as Infra Woes Keep Bidders Away, THE ECONOMIC TIMES, (Aug. 5, 2018), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/seci-cancels-2000-mw-wind-tender-as-infra-woes-keep-bidders-away/articleshow/65283765.cms

  38. M Ramesh, Wind Power Prices Crash to Rs.2.43/unit in Gujarat Auction, THE HINDU BUSINESSLINE, (Dec. 21, 2017), https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/wind-power-prices-crash-to-243unit-in-gujarat-auction/article9998941.ece.

  39. Government of India, PM Launches Pradhan Mantri Saubhagya Yojana; Dedicates Deendayal Urja Bhavan to the Nation, http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-launches-pradhan-mantri-saubhagya-yojana-dedicates-deendayal-urja-bhawan-to-the-nation/; Rural Electrification Corporation and Ministry of Power, About Saubhagya: Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – “Saubhagya,”.

  40. Supra note 11.

  41. Nhalur,Josey & Mandal, supra note 12.

  42. Ministry of Home Affairs, Census of India, (2001).

  43. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, Government of India, Cabinet Approves Enhancement of Target under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU, (2018), http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176351; ET Online, Government Achieves Target of 5 Cr Free LPG Connections 8 Months Ahead of Schedule, ECONOMIC TIMES, (Aug. 3, 2018, https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/govt-achieves-target-of-5-cr-free-lpg-connections-8-months-ahead-of-schedule/65261329.

  44. Ministry of Power, Salient Features of the (UDAY) Scheme, https://www.uday.gov.in/Salient-Features.php.

  45. . ET Online, Power Discom Losses Down 70 per cent to Rs. 17,000 cr in Two Years, THE ECONOMIC TIMES, (June 19, 2018), https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/power-discom-losses-down-70-per-cent-to-rs-17000-cr-in-two-years/64641677.

  46. Anupam Chatterjee, UDAY scheme: Discoms Cut Losses, But Their Dues to Gencos Mount, FINANCIAL EXPRESS, (June 11, 2018), https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/uday-scheme-discoms-cut-losses-but-their-dues-to-gencos-mount/1200937/.

  47. United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, 2014, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf.

  48. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India, India’s Progress in Combating Climate Change: Briefing Paper for UNFCCC COP 20, 2014, http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/Indian_Country_Paper_Low_Res.pdf.

  49. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Government of India, Presentation Dated 9th January 2017, http://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100859382.pdf.

  50. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Shri Piyush Goyal launches Energy Conservation Building Code 2017, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=165748.

  51. Shaurya Bajaj Telangana First State to Comply with Energy Conservation and Building Code Guidelines,Mercom, (30 Aug. 2018), https://mercomindia.com/telangana-first-state-ecbc-compliant/.

  52. Supra note 23.

  53. U.S. Green Building Council, Infographic: Top 10 Countries for LEED in 2018, https://www.usgbc.org/articles/us-green-building-council-releases-annual-top-10-countries-and-regions-leed.

  54. Administrative Staff College of India and Natural Resources Defense Council, Building Efficient Cities: Strengthening the Indian Real Estate Market Through Codes and Incentives, (2014), http://www.nrdc.org/international/india/files/real-estate-efficiency-codes-IB.pdf.

  55. Ministry of Power, Government of India, Standards and Labelling Programme, http://powermin.nic.in/en/content/energy-efficiency.

  56. Ministry of Power, Government of India, National UJALA Dashboard, http://www.ujala.gov.in/.

  57. Ministry of Environment and Forest, India Cooling Action Plan – draft,

    http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/DRAFT-India%20Cooling%20Action%20Plan-Latest%20Version.PDF (February 5, 2019).

  58. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Environment Minister Launches Stage II of India’s HCFC Phase Out Management Plan (HPMP), 2017, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158868.

  59. Akira Hayakawa, India Zooms Past Germany as Fourth-Largest Auto Market, NIKKEI ASIAN REVIEW, (Jan. 12, 2018) https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Automobile/India-zooms-past-Germany-as-fourth-largest-auto-market2.

  60. Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Automobile Domestic Sale Trends,

    http://www.siamindia.com/statistics.aspx?mpgid=8&pgidtrail=14.

  61. The International Association of Public Transport, Mobility in Rural India – Still a Distant Dream?, (2014), https://india.uitp.org/articles/mobility-in-rural-india.

  62. Express Web Desk, Delhi becomes first city to roll-out Euro VI fuel. What does this mean?, THE INDIAN EXPRESS April 01, 2018, https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-first-city-to-introduce-euro-vi-bhatay-stage-vi-fuel-move-to-combat-air-pollution-5119130/ (Feb. 5, 2019); ET Online, Bharat Stage VI Norms: Know How They Will Impact You, ECONOMIC TIMES (Oct. 25, 2018), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/cars-uvs/bharat-stage-vi-norms-know-how-they-will-impact-you/articleshow/66362907.cms

  63. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, National Auto Policy (Draft) February 2018,

    https://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/DHI-NAB-Auto%20Policy%20Draft%20Document_vDRAFT.pdf.

  64. Jill Ward & Anindya Upadhyay, A. India’s Rickshaw Revolution Leaves China in the Dust, BLOOMBERG, (Oct. 26, 2018), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-10-25/india-s-rickshaws-outnumber-china-s-electric-vehicles.

  65. Id. .

  66. International Association of Public Transport, Electric Buses Procurement in India – Indian Cities Got the Viable Rates, https://india.uitp.org/sites/default/files/documents/Procurement%20of%20Electric%20buses%20in%20India%20-%2020032018.pdf.

  67. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, Delhi Metro’s Cumulative Ridership for the Financial Year 2016-2017 Crosses One Billion, http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=ZlXC4jMrU00lld; Siddhartha Roy, Delhi Metro Reclaims 28 Lakh Mark in Daily Ridership, Aims for More, THE TIMES OF INDIA, (Aug. 04, 2018), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-reclaims-28l-mark-in-daily-ridership-aims-for-more/articleshow/65264897.cms

  68. Dipak K. Dash, Government Gives In-Principle Approval for Six Metro Projects, THE TIMES OF INDIA, (June 25, 2018), https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-gives-in-principle-approval-for-six-metro-projects/articleshow/64737584.cms; Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, Urban Transport Metro Rail Projects, http://mohua.gov.in/cms/Urban-Transport-Metro-Rail-Projects.php.

  69. Vivek Sen et al., Reaching India’s Renewable Energy Targets: The Role of Institutional Investors, CLIMATE POLICY INITIATIVE, (2016), https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Reaching-Indias-Renewable-Energy-Targets-The-Role-of-Institutional-Investors.pdf

  70. Supra note 16.

  71. Ministry of Finance, Key Features of Budget 2016-2017, 2016, http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bh/bh1.pdf; Express News Service, Budget 2016: Coal Cess Doubled Again, INDIAN EXPRESS, (March 1, 2016), http://indianexpress.com/article/business/budget/budget-2016-coal-cess-doubled-again/.

  72. Kumar Sambhav Shrivastava, India Diverts Rs 56,700 Crore from the Fight Against Climate Change to Goods and Services Tax Regime, SCROLL.IN, (July 24, 2017), https://scroll.in/article/844528/india-diverts-rs-56700-crore-from-the-fight-against-climate-change-to-goods-and-service-tax-regime.

  73. Indian Renewable Energy development Agency Financing Norms and Schemes, (May 2018).

  74. Id.

  75. Anjali Jaiswal, et. al, Rising Temperatures, Deadly Threat: Preparing Local Communities in India for Extreme Heat Events, NRDC, (March 10, 2018), https://www.nrdc.org/resources/rising-temperatures-deadly-threat-preparing-communities-india-extreme-heat-events; Sujit Chakraborty, Ahmedabad Scores a ‘Heat Action’ First, THOMSON REUTERS FOUNDATION New, (May 8, 2013), http://news.trust.org//item/20130508114046-2webm/.

  76. Natural Resources Defense Council and Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH), Expanding Heat Resilience Across India, 2018, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/india-heat-resilient-cities-ib.pdf (March 11, 2019).

  77. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 2017: Guide to Extreme Heat Planning in Ahmedabad, India, (2017), https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/ahmedabad-heat-action-plan-2017.pdf.

  78. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Government Has Established National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change: Javadekar, http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124326.

  79. SAFAR – India, Air Quality Forecast Across Indian Cities: AQ Index, http://safar.tropmet.res.in/

  80. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) – India, 2018,

    http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/NCAP%20with%20annex-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf.

  81. Natural Resources Defense Council et al., Ahmedabad Air Information and Response Plan, (2017) https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/ahmedabad_air_plan_feb_2017_final_pdf.pdf.

  82. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Global Greenhouse Gas EmissionsData, (2017), https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data#Country.

  83. Anuphabha Mitra et al. Pathways for Meeting India’s Climate Goals,-Working Paper, WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE, (June 2017), http://www.wri.org/publication/meeting-indias-climate-goals.

  84. Brenden Guy & Jake Schmidt, Realizing the Promise of Paris: Roadmap to a Safer Climate, NRDC (Jan. 23, 2019), https://www.nrdc.org/resources/realizing-promise-paris-roadmap-safer-climate

  85. Anjali Jaiswal & Tasfiya Nayem, Financing a Diverse Solar Ecosystem in India, NRDC, (June 1, 2018), https://www.nrdc.org/experts/anjali-jaiswal/financing-diverse-solar-ecosystem-india?utm_source=tw&utm_medium=tweet&utm_campaign=International.

  86. Tim Buckley,IEEFA Asia: India’s Electricity Sector Transformation is Happening Now, INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS, (May 17, 2017), http://ieefa.org/ieefa-asia-indias-electricity-sector-transformation-happening-now/,

  87. Supra note 72; The Ministry of Environment, Forests& Climate Change, Committee on Estimates Performance of the National Action Plan on Climate Change, (Dec. 2018).

  88. CEA, Ministry of Power, Government of India, National Electricity Plan, (Jan. 2018).

  89. Madhura Joshi & Radhika Khosla, India: Meeting Energy Needs for Development While Addressing Climate Change, in SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE G20 – PROSPECTS FOR A GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION, (2016).

    Other factors include the rate of urbanization, extent of economic growth, growth in the manufacturing, industrial sectors, rate of rise incomes etc

  90. Other factors include the rate of urbanization, extent of economic growth, growth in the manufacturing, industrial sectors, rate of rise incomes etc. See Dubash et al. 2018, supra note 5.

  91. CEA, Ministry of Power, Government of India, Report on Nineteenth Electric Power Survey of India: Volume 1, (2017).

  92. International Solar Alliance, ISA Prospective Member Countries, http://isolaralliance.org/MemberCont.aspx,

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Brendan Guy and Han Chen from NRDC. This report draws upon some of their previous studies. All opinions and errors are those of the authors alone.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anjali Jaiswal.

Ethics declarations

About the Natural Resources Defense Council

NRDC is an international environmental non-profit organization working to safeguard the earth - its people, its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other professionals have worked to protect the world’s natural resources, public health, and the environment. NRDC’s India Program on Climate Change and Clean Energy, launched in 2009, works with partners in India to advance a low-carbon, sustainable economy. For more information, visit www.nrdc.org and https://www.nrdc.org/india.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jaiswal, A., Joshi, M. & Kwatra, S. Climate consequences: If India sneezes. Jindal Global Law Review 10, 19–34 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41020-019-00089-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41020-019-00089-y

Keywords

Navigation